This report on adaptation to climatevariability and change draws together the conclusions of aseries of comparative case studies undertaken for theArea-Based Development and Climate Change (ABDCC) project ofthe Social Development Department of the World Bank. Thereport contributes to a better understanding of pro-pooradaptation by addressing the growing need for systematicanalyses of existing rural adaptation strategies in the faceof climate variability. The study shows: 1) how differenttypes of climate phenomena affect households that arealready vulnerable owing to their political-economic andsocial circumstances, 2) the ways in which households copewith and adapt to climate hazards, and 3) the role of ruralorganizations and institutions in helping vulnerablehouseholds cope with climate impacts and other sources ofvulnerability more effectively. The study also complementsother macro-level analyses in which the focus is primarilyon government policies in the context of adaptation. TheABDCC study relied on four strategies for itsimplementation, data collection, and capacity buildingefforts: 1) review of secondary information and theselection of study sites; 2) data collection throughhousehold, focus group, and expert interviews; 3) dataanalysis and identification of feasible policy options; and4) capacity building and dissemination of results. The studygenerated data both from secondary sources as well asprimary research. The data was used to prepare countryreports and policy notes but has also been analyzed usingbasic statistical methods to understand the relationshipbetween institutions, adaptation strategies, and socialgroups within communities and territories.