Current levels of investment inagricultural value chains are insufficient to achieve keydevelopment goals including ending poverty and hunger,boosting shared prosperity through more and better jobs, andbetter stewarding the world’s natural resources by 2030.Crowding-in private investment to help achieve these goalsand optimizing the use of scarce public resources will beneeded, as will the continued promotion of good governanceand environmental and social sustainability. Increasingprivate sector investment and associated financing willrequire identifying and understanding market failurescurrently leading to the sub-optimal private provision ofgoods and services needed to achieve key development goals.Where the private sector is already investing inagricultural value chains, promoting responsible investmentcan help increase development impacts. Crowding-in moreprivate investment requires increasing the space for privatesector activity, improving the policy and regulatoryenvironment, and considering options for using publicfinancing to improve private incentives and to reducetransaction costs and risks, including blended financesolutions. While these actions can help induce more privateinvestment, there is still a critical need for publicresources to finance essential public goods and servicessuch as human capital, agricultural research, andcomplementary public infrastructure