Water, as a resource, is integral tohuman activities of all kinds. The water sector, as asociety's means of ensuring individuals have sufficientwater is fundamental to recovery and development. Whiledesigning and implementing water supply operations in anysocietal context is a complicated endeavor, doing so incontexts affected by conflict, fragility and violence isinherently associated with compounded challenges. Theobjective of this study is to summarize operational lessonsfrom task teams to inform effective water supply and accessoperations in conflict-affected and fragile situations. Thispaper defines common operational challenges and describesactions that task teams have taken in Bank projects in orderto address those challenges. Further, the paper exploresways to ensure that water supply projects in fragile andconflict-affected situations (FCS) contexts, in addition toachieving technical objectives, can also address perpetualcauses of conflict and fragility. The risks of escalatingviolence and decreasing stability are exacerbated insituations where access to water resources and services ispoor, constrained, inequitable, and unsustainable. Thisknowledge product summarizes lessons from World Bank taskteams that have prepared and implemented water supplyprojects in locations affected by conflict, fragility andviolence. The findings intend to support operationalproblem-solving during water operations that are conductedin these situations. The study engaged task team members andsurveyed project documentation, consolidating data oncontextual and operational challenges and responsive methodsthat staff recommend. The findings of this study show thatclear priorities in process and organizational capacity,with a focus on access, are needed to ensure that watersupply operations in FCS contexts are conflict-sensitive.
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