Paving the Way to a Sustainable Heating Sector : A Roadmap for Ulaanbaatar Urban Heating

Energy Sector Management Assistance Program

Washington, DC: World Bank

关键词: URBAN HEATING;    ENERGY PRODUCTION;    ENERGY TRANSMISSION;    WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT;    ENERGY CONSUMPTION;   

RP-ID  :  135912

学科分类：社会科学、人文和艺术（综合）

来源: World Bank Open Knowledge Repository

【 摘 要 】

Ulaanbaatar's heating sector isstruggling to meet accelerating demand growth. Over the pasttwodecades, population growth in Mongolia's capitalcity has increased exponentially, mainly due to rapidrural-to-urban migration, and it is expected to reach 1.9million by 2035. With urbanization and economic growth, newbuildings are being built at a rapid pace, requiringconnections to the district heating (DH) network. Over thenext decade, it is projected that urban heating demand willgrow by an average annual rate of 5–6 percent. At the sametime, the DH network—once Ulaanbaatar's principal heatsupply—is deteriorating. About two-fifths of the population(some 120,000 households) are supplied from the DH network.However, the system is dilapidated, resulting from a lack ofinvestments for needed rehabilitation and upgrading in pastdecades. Owing to high water losses, the quality ofreplenishment water has not been adequately maintained toprevent corrosion; thus, piping is typically quite old andcorroded. The total length of transmission pipelines isabout 130 km (dual pipe) with pipe diameters in a range of200-1,200 mm. It is estimated that 50 percent of thetransmission pipelines are in poor technical condition,urgently requiring replacement. The secondary (distribution)network, with a total trench length of about 226 km, has avariety of owners and operators and also requires majorrehabilitation and replacement. Tariffs, which are set belowcost-recovery levels, exacerbate the sector's financialdistress and contribute to its decay. Despite recentadjustments, consumer tariffs remain lower than thecost-recovery level, requiring state subsidies for sectoroperators and cross-subsidies at various points along theentire heat supply chain. Tariff-related cost allocationsbetween electricity and heat customers lead to indirectsubsidies for residential DH customers. The average DH priceof 0.8 US Dollars per GJ (2014 figure) is approximately10–20 times lower than in such Eastern European cities asVilnius or Warsaw, and even lower than in other Europeancities. The sector's 2013 Master Plan estimated that a130 percent increase in the heat tariff would be needed toachieve full cost recovery. The situation has changed littlein recent years.