This report identifies key challengesfacing the Ethiopian civil service today and suggestsavenuesfor further reforms. Ethiopia’s civil service has sofar developed at a rapid pace and faces anumber ofconstraints, challenges, and new or expanding demands.Continuing reform efforts and building on past achievementsis critical for the successful implementation of Ethiopia’sGrowth and Transformation Program (GTP II). While the pasttwo decades have seen important achievements made, thegovernment seeks to further strengthen its economicgovernance and service delivery.The analytic effort thatthis report reflects was triggered by a request from theMinistry ofPublic Service and Human Resource Development(MPSHRD). The Ministry sought to identify challenges andoptions to target and pursue further reforms and efforts tostrengthen the civil service and its contributions toservice delivery. The report is based on several sources:(i) the Ethiopian Civil Servants Survey (ECSS), which wasundertaken in June through September 2016 and targetedprofessional level staff and directors or heads of federalministries or agencies, regional bureaus, and woredaoffices; (ii) a series of key informant interviews withofficials and stakeholders, as well as focus groupdiscussions with members of ‘Public Wings’; and (iii)administrative data and information, e.g. concerning thenumber of civil servants, as wellas salaries and benefits.The focus is on five key service delivery sectors:agriculture, education, health, revenue collection, andtrade—all critical areas for state activity. The analysisencompasses an assessment of previous and ongoing reforms,and takes a look at the constraints and overall quality ofcurrent management practices. Where possible, the reportalso compares the civil service in Ethiopia to that of othercountries, based on information gathered from similarsurveys and other comparative information.