The intent of the two competitive citiescase studies is to highlight what institutions andstrategies successful cities have relied on to spur economicdevelopment, under what conditions such success hasoccurred, and what lessons of this experience might beapplicable to decision makers in other cities. This researchwas prepared by the Tokyo Development Learning Center (TDLC)under the auspices of the Social, Urban, Rural, andResilience Global of the World Bank Group. Its objective isto create a knowledge base on what makes cities competitive,understand job creation at the city level, and capture theunique development experience of Japan for broaddissemination to development practitioners, governmentofficials, academia and the private sector. The team wouldlike to gratefully acknowledge the Government of Japan andits continued support of the Tokyo Development LearningCenter (TDLC) program.