Countries invest in basic education toprovide their citizens with the means to acquire thefoundations for building human capital. Countries with goodschool education systems provide equity of access, i.e.,encourage all children, irrespective of gender, householdincome, and geographical location, from the early yearsonwards, to participate in the full cycle of education. Goodeducation systems have learning environments that lead tostrong learning outcomes. Since education is the basis forhuman capital development and improves individualproductivity and earnings, good education systems contributeboth to economic growth and social equity. This report looksat the role played by public expenditure in improvingaccess, equity, quality, and learning in basic education inthe Philippines. It builds on work undertaken earlier,especially the Basic Education Public Expenditure Review andthe Philippines Public Education Expenditure Tracking andQuantitative Service Delivery Survey. Specifically, thisreview provides a comparative picture of sector performance,where possible, between the periods 2002 to 2008 and 2009 to2017, the former being the period studied by BEPER (2012).Chapter one looks at quantity and quality in basiceducation, Chapter two examines equity issues, and chapterthree looks at patterns of public expenditure in basiceducation. In the remaining section of this introduction, abrief description of how basic education is managed andfinanced in the Philippines is provided.
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