Extreme fragile situations are now hometo at least a quarter of the worlds people. In the worstcases, where fragility has given way to open violence -people are more than twice as likely to be malnourished,more than three times as likely to be unable to send theirchildren to school, twice as likely to see their childrendie before age five, and more than twice as likely to lackclean water. It is unsurprising that not a single low-incomecountry in these circumstances has been able to achieve evenone Millennium Development Goal (World Bank 2011). Inaddition, many fragile situations generate spillover effectssuch as trafficking in illegal goods and persons, andcorruption, which threaten the stability of neighboringcountries (Organization for Economic Cooperation andDevelopment, or OECD 2005, 2010). This study views fragilityas not only a problem of state capacity, but also ofrelationships in society. That is, while some elements offragility emanate from the state, others are deeply rootedin societal dynamics, the way individuals and groupsinteract and the relationships that form out of these interactions.
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