In many developing countries,governments have invested substantial resources in theprovision of basic services such as healthcare andeducation.These investments frequently yield minimalimprovements in student learning and health outcomes,however. Promoting adequate provider effort necessitatesaccountability, including effective within-facilityaccountability is the focus of this report. Within theaccountability framework, the role of supervisors in thefacilities where service provision occurs has thus far beenunderemphasized. This report contributes to addressing thisunderemphasis, specifically focusing on the linkages betweenwithin-facility accountability and provider effort in thehealth and education sectors in Jordan. In the case ofhealthcare, a study was developed to generate novel insightsfrom an original survey instrument. Notably, this is thefirst nationally representative study in Jordan to measurewithin-facility accountability and provider effort inprimary health care facilities, and the first study in theMiddle East and North Africa (MENA) region to investigatethese linkages. The study relies on a nationallyrepresentative sample of 122 primary healthcare facilitieswhere data are collected through patient exit interviews,and surveys administered to chief medical officers (CMO),doctors, and nurses who work at the centers, and whereavailable, a representative of the community healthcommittee. In the case of education, an empirical analysiswas conducted, relying on existing data collected throughprincipal, teacher, and student surveys, third-partyclassroom observations and school inventories, and math andreading student assessments from a nationally representativesample of 156 schools. The latter was complemented by acomparative case study of six Jordanian schools usingstatistical matching and a process-tracing procedure.
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