This policy note is a summary of thefindings of a joint study of the Energy Research Instituteof the National Development and Reform Commission, and theWorld Bank. The policy note is organized as follows: thenext section, 'in the shadow of king coal,'provides a brief history of the development of renewableenergy (RE) in China during the last three decades, whichwere characterized by the dominance of coal.'Optimizing RE targets' is dedicated to thecalculation of the optimal RE solutions (share of primaryenergy consumption and technology mix). 'China'senvisaged RE target: aiming high' focuses on theevaluation of the existing and envisaged government REtargets based on the same economic, technical, andexternality assumptions used for the optimization. 'Twobirds with one stone: environmental protection andindustrial development' is dedicated to the comparisonof the government targets and optimal solutions and theanalysis of incremental costs associated with them.'The policy fundamentals on the right track'focuses on the impact of the development of RE programs onthe costs of electricity generation and how to pay for it.'Someone has to pay!' provides high-level policyrecommendations that could speed up the scale-up of RE andreduce incremental costs to society. The final section,'toward a greener future,' providesrecommendations based on the results of the study to achievescale-up of RE at minimal cost.