The rare earth elements have unique and important impact on technology. The unfilled f shell of rare earth elements gives them special properties, which are used to develop many new materials such as phosphors, magnetic and magnetostrictive materials and hydrogen storage materials. The rare earth materials represent a very big field of research that has undergone a rapid growth with the application of several experimental techniques and important theoretical aspects. Rontgens discovery of X-rays in 1895 became central to the development of modern physics. It has subsequently influenced fields as chemical physics, nuclear physics, biophysics and led the development of techniques such as Auger, Raman, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Protein Crystallography, X-ray lithography.
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