Whales and Sonar: Environmental Exemptions for the Navy's Mid-Frequency Active Sonar Training

Alexander, Kristina

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service.

关键词: Marine mammals;    Marine mammal protection;    Marine resources conservation;    whales;   

RP-ID  :  RL34403
RP-ID  :  RL34403_2009Feb18

美国|英语

来源: UNT Digital Library

【 摘 要 】

This report discusses laws related to the protection of marine mammals when using mid-frequency active sonar including the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA), the Endangered Species Act (ESA), the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), and the Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA).The report discusses each of the laws generally, and then reviews the litigation surrounding the Navy's compliance with these laws in the context of using the sonar for training purposes off California's coast.