Formation and estimated toxicity of trihalomethanes, haloacetonitriles, and haloacetamides from the chlor(am)ination of acetaminophen

JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

卷:341

Article

Ding, Shunke¹  Chu, Wenhai¹  Bond, Tom²  Wang, Qi³  Gao, Naiyun¹  Xu, Bin¹  Du, Erdeng⁴ 

[1] Tongji Univ, State Key Lab Pollut Control & Resources Reuse, Coll Environm Sci & Engn, Shanghai 200092, Peoples R China

[2] Univ Surrey, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, England

[3] Wenzhou Univ, Sch Life & Environm Sci, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, Peoples R China

[4] Changzhou Univ, Sch Environm & Safety Engn, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, Peoples R China

关键词: Acetaminophen;    Disinfection byproducts;    Haloacetonitriles;    Haloacetamides;    Trihalomethanes;   

DOI  :  10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.07.049

来源: Elsevier

【 摘 要 】

The occurrence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in natural waters, which act as drinking water sources, raises concerns. Moreover, those compounds incompletely removed by treatment have the chance to form toxic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during subsequent disinfection. In this study, acetaminophen (Apap), commonly used to treat pain and fever, was selected as a model PPCP. The formation of carbonaceous and nitrogenous DBPs, namely trihalomethanes, haloacetonitriles, and haloacetamides, during chlor(am)ination of Apap was investigated. Yields of chloroform (CF), dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), dicholoacetamide (DCAcAm), and tricholoacetamide (TCAcAm), during chlorination were all higher than from chloramination. The yields of CF continuously increased over 48 h during both chlorination and chloramination. During chlorination, as the chlorine/Apap molar ratios increased from 1 to 20, CF yields increased from 0.33 +/- 0.02% to 2.52 +/- 0.15%, while the yields of DCAN, DCAcAm and TCAcAm all increased then decreased. In contrast, during chloramination, increased chloramine doses enhanced the formation of all DBPs. Acidic conditions favored nitrogenous DBP formation, regardless of chlorination or chioramination, whereas alkaline conditions enhanced CF formation. Two proposed formation mechanisms are presented. The analysed DBPs formed during chlorination were 2 orders of magnitude more genotoxic and cytotoxicity than those from chioramination. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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