Next generation molten NaI batteries for grid scale energy storage

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES

卷:360

Article

Small, Leo J.¹  Eccleston, Alexis²  Lamb, Joshua¹  Read, Andrew C.²  Robins, Matthew²  Meaders, Thomas²  Ingersoll, David¹  Clem, Paul G.¹  Bhavaraju, Sai²  Spoerke, Erik D.¹ 

[1] Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800,MS 1411, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA

[2] Ceramatec Inc, Salt Lake City, UT 84119 USA

关键词: Sodium battery;    NaSICON;    Ion conductor;    Grid scale;    Energy storage;   

DOI  :  10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.06.038

来源: Elsevier

【 摘 要 】

Robust, safe, and reliable grid-scale energy storage continues to be a priority for improved energy surety, expanded integration of renewable energy, and greater system agility required to meet modern dynamic and evolving electrical energy demands. We describe here a new sodium-based battery based on a molten sodium anode, a sodium iodide/aluminum chloride (NaI/AlCl3) cathode, and a high conductivity NaSICON (Na1+xZr2SixP3-xO12) ceramic separator. This Nal battery operates at intermediate temperatures (120-180 degrees C) and boasts an energy density of >150 Wh kg(-1). The energy-dense Nal-AICl(3) ionic liquid catholyte avoids lifetime-limiting plating and intercalation reactions, and the use of earth-abundant elements minimizes materials costs and eliminates economic uncertainties associated with lithium metal. Moreover, the inherent safety of this system under internal mechanical failure is characterized by negligible heat or gas production and benign reaction products (Al, NaCI). Scalability in design is exemplified through evolution from 0.85 to 10 Ah (28 Wh) form factors, displaying lifetime average Coulombic efficiencies of 99.45% and energy efficiencies of 81.96% over dynamic testing lasting >3000 h. This demonstration promises a safe, cost-effective, and long-lifetime technology as an attractive candidate for grid scale storage. (C) 2017 Published by Elsevier B.V.

【 授权许可】

Free