Enantiomeric profiling of chiral illicit drugs in a pan-European study

WATER RESEARCH

卷:130

Article

Castrignano, Erika¹  Yang, Zhugen^1,2  Bade, Richard^3,4  Baz-Lomba, Jose A.⁵  Castiglioni, Sara⁶  Causanilles, Ana⁷  Covaci, Adrian⁸  Gracia-Lor, Emma^3,6  Hernandez, Felix³  Kinyua, Juliet⁸  McCall, Ann-Kathrin⁹  van Nuijs, Alexander L. N.⁸  Ort, Christoph⁹  Plosz, Benedek G.^10,11  Ramin, Pedram^10,12  Rousis, Nikolaos I.⁶  Ryu, Yeonsuk⁵  Thomas, Kevin V.^5,13  de Voogt, Pim^7,14  Zuccato, Ettore⁶  Kasprzyk-Hordern, Barbara¹ 

[1] Univ Bath, Dept Chem, Fac Sci, Bath BA2 7AY, Avon, England

[2] Univ Glasgow, Sch Engn, Div Biomed Engn, Oakfield Rd, Glasgow G12 8LT, Lanark, Scotland

[3] Univ Jaume 1, Res Inst Pesticides & Water, Avda Sos Baynat S-N, E-12071 Castellon de La Plana, Spain

[4] Univ South Australia, Sch Pharm & Med Sci, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia

[5] Norwegian Inst Water Res NIVA, Gaustadalleen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway

[6] IRCCS Ist Ric Farmacol Mario Negri, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Via La Masa 19, I-20156 Milan, Italy

[7] KWR Watercycle Res Inst, Chem Water Qual & Hlth, POB 1072, NL-3430 BB Nieuwegein, Netherlands

[8] Univ Antwerp, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, Toxicol Ctr, Campus Drie Eiken,Univ Pl 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium

[9] Eawag, Swiss Fed Inst Aquat Sci & Technol, CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland

[10] Tech Univ Denmark, Dept Environm Engn, Bldg 115, DK-2800 Lyngby M, Denmark

[11] Univ Bath, Dept Chem Engn, Bath BA2 7AY, Avon, England

[12] Tech Univ Denmark, Dept Chem & Biochem Engn, Proc & Syst Engn Ctr PROSYS, Bldg 229, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark

[13] Univ Queensland, QAEHS, 39 Kessels Rd, Coopers Plains, Qld 4108, Australia

[14] Univ Amsterdam, IBED, Amsterdam, Netherlands

关键词: Wastewater-based epidemiology;    Illicit drugs;    Chiral drugs;    Enantioselective analysis;   

DOI  :  10.1016/j.watres.2017.11.051

来源: Elsevier

【 摘 要 】

The aim of this paper is to present the first study on spatial and temporal variation in the enantiomeric profile of chiral drugs in eight European cities. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) and enantioselective analysis were combined to evaluate trends in illicit drug use in the context of their consumption vs direct disposal as well as their synthetic production routes. Spatial variations in amphetamine loads were observed with higher use in Northern European cities. Enantioselective analysis showed a general enrichment of amphetamine with the R-()-enantiomer in wastewater indicating its abuse. High loads of racemic methamphetamine were detected in Oslo (EF = 0.49 +/- 0.02). This is in contrast to other European cities where S-(+)-methamphetamine was the predominant enantiomer. This indicates different methods of methamphetamine synthesis and/or trafficking routes in Oslo, compared with the other cities tested. An enrichment of MDMA with the R-()-enantiomer was observed in European waste-waters indicating MDMA consumption rather than disposal of unused drug. MDA's chiral signature indicated its enrichment with the S-(+)-enantiomer, which confirms its origin from MDMA metabolism in humans. HMMA was also detected at quantifiable concentrations in wastewater and was found to be a suitable biomarker for MDMA consumption. Mephedrone was only detected in wastewater from the United Kingdom with population-normalised loads up to 47.7 mg 1000 people(-1) day(-1). The enrichment of mephedrone in the R-(+)-enantiomer in wastewater suggests stereoselective metabolism in humans, hence consumption, rather than direct disposal of the drug. The investigation of drug precursors, such as ephedrine, showed that their presence was reasonably ascribed to their medical use. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

【 授权许可】

Free