PBDE flame retardants, thyroid disease, and menopausal status in U.S. women

Environmental Health

Research

Eileen McNeely¹  John D. Spengler¹  Sara Gale¹  Joseph G. Allen¹  Linda Birnbaum²  R. Thomas Zoeller³ 

[1] Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, 02215, Boston, MA, USA;National Cancer Institute/NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA;University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA;

关键词: Endocrine disruptors;    Polybrominated diphenyl ethers;    PBDE;    Thyroid;    Menopause;   

DOI  :  10.1186/s12940-016-0141-0

 received in 2015-12-17, accepted in 2016-04-22,  发布年份 2016

来源: Springer

【 摘 要 】

BackgroundWomen have elevated rates of thyroid disease compared to men. Environmental toxicants have been implicated as contributors to this dimorphism, including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), flame retardant chemicals that disrupt thyroid hormone action. PBDEs have also been implicated in the disruption of estrogenic activity, and estrogen levels regulate thyroid hormones. Post-menopausal women may therefore be particularly vulnerable to PBDE induced thyroid effects, given low estrogen reserves. The objective of this study was to test for an association between serum PBDE concentrations and thyroid disease in women from the United States (U.S.), stratified by menopause status.MethodsSerum PBDE concentrations (BDEs 47, 99, 100 and 153) from the National Health and Examination Survey (NHANES) and reports on thyroid problems were available in the NHANES 2003–2004 cycle. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using multivariate logistic regression models accounting for population-weighted survey techniques and controlling for age, body mass index (BMI), education, smoking, alcohol consumption and thyroid medication. Menopause status was obtained by self-reported absence of menstruation in the previous 12 months and declared menopause.ResultsWomen in the highest quartile of serum concentrations for BDEs 47, 99, and 100 had increased odds of currently having thyroid disease (ORs: 1.5, 1.8, 1.5, respectively) compared to the reference group (1st and 2nd quartiles combined); stronger associations were observed when the analysis was restricted to postmenopausal women (ORs: 2.2, 3.6, 2.0, respectively).ConclusionExposure to BDEs 47, 99, and 100 is associated with thyroid disease in a national sample of U.S. women, with greater effects observed post-menopause, suggesting that the disruption of thyroid signaling by PBDEs may be enhanced by the altered estrogen levels during menopause.

【 授权许可】

CC BY   
© Allen et al. 2016