Overview of multifunctional cysteinyl cathepsins in atherosclerosis-based cardiovascular disease: from insights into molecular functions to clinical implications

Cell & Bioscience

Review

Hailong Wang¹  Limei Piao¹  Xian Wu Cheng²  Megumi Narisawa³ 

[1] Department of Cardiology and Hypertension, Yanbian University Hospital, 1327 Juzijie, 133000, Yanjin, Jilin, People’s Republic of China;Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Stress and Cardiovascular Disease, Yanbian University Hospital, 133000, Yanjin, Jilin, People’s Republic of China;Department of Cardiology and Hypertension, Yanbian University Hospital, 1327 Juzijie, 133000, Yanjin, Jilin, People’s Republic of China;Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Stress and Cardiovascular Disease, Yanbian University Hospital, 133000, Yanjin, Jilin, People’s Republic of China;Department of Cardiology and Hypertension, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Stress and Cardiovascular Disease, Yanbian University Hospital, 1327 Juzijie, Jilin PR. 133000, Yanji, China;Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 4668550, Nagoya, Aichiken, Japan;

关键词: Vascular remodeling;    Protease;    Extracellular;    Imaging;    Biomarker;   

DOI  :  10.1186/s13578-023-01040-4

 received in 2023-02-04, accepted in 2023-05-01,  发布年份 2023

来源: Springer

【 摘 要 】

Cysteinyl cathepsins (CTSs) are widely known to have a proteolysis function that mediates recycling of unwanted proteins in endosomes and lysosomes, and investigation of CTSs has greatly improved with advances in live-imaging techniques both in vivo and in vitro, leading to three key findings. (1) CTSs are relocated from the lysosomes to other cellular spaces (i.e., cytosol, nucleus, nuclear membrane, plasma membrane, and extracellular milieu). (2) In addition to acidic cellular compartments, CTSs also exert biological activity in neutral environments. (3) CTSs also exert multiple nontraditional functions in, for example, extracellular matrix metabolism, cell signaling transduction, protein processing/trafficking, and cellular events. Various stimuli regulate the expression and activities of CTSs in vivo and vitro—e.g., inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, neurohormones, and growth factors. Accumulating evidence has confirmed the participation of CTSs in vascular diseases characterized by atherosclerosis, plaque rupture, thrombosis, calcification, aneurysm, restenosis/in-stent-restenosis, and neovasel formation. Circulating and tissue CTSs are promising as biomarkers and as a diagnostic imaging tool in patients with atherosclerosis-based cardiovascular disease (ACVD), and pharmacological interventions with their specific and non-specific inhibitors, and cardiovascular drugs might have potential for the therapeutic targeting of CTSs in animals. This review focuses on the update findings on CTS biology and the involvement of CTSs in the initiation and progression of ACVD and discusses the potential use of CTSs as biomarkers and small-molecule targets to prevent deleterious nontraditional functions in ACVD.

【 授权许可】

CC BY   
© The Author(s) 2023

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