Operating a full tungsten actively cooled tokamak: overview of WEST first phase of operation

Nuclear Fushion

article

J. Bucalossi¹  J. Achard¹  O. Agullo²  T. Alarcon¹  L. Allegretti¹  H. Ancher¹  G. Antar³  S. Antusch⁴  V. Anzallo¹  C. Arnas²  D. Arranger¹  J.F. Artaud¹  M.H. Aumeunier¹  S.G. Baek⁵  X. Bai⁶  J. Balbin¹  C. Balorin¹  T. Barbui⁷  A. Barbuti¹  J. Barlerin¹  V. Basiuk¹  T. Batal¹  O. Baulaigue¹  A. Bec¹  M. Bécoulet¹  E. Benoit¹  E. Benard¹  J.M. Benard¹  N. Bertelli⁷  E. Bertrand¹  P. Beyer²  J. Bielecki⁸  P. Bienvenu¹  R. Bisson²  V. Bobkov⁹  G. Bodner⁷  C. Bottereau¹  C. Bouchand¹  F. Bouquey¹  C. Bourdelle¹  J. Bourg¹  S. Brezinsek^1,10  F. Brochard^1,11  C. Brun¹  V. Bruno¹  H. Bufferand¹  A. Bureau¹  S. Burles¹  Y. Camenen²  B. Cantone¹  E. Caprin¹  S. Carpentier^1,12  G. Caulier¹  N. Chanet¹  O. Chellai⁷  Y. Chen⁶  M. Chernyshova^1,13  P. Chmielewski^1,13  W. Choe^1,14  A. Chomiczewska^1,13  G. Ciraolo¹  F. Clairet¹  J. Coenen^1,10  L. Colas¹  G. Colledani¹  J. Colnel¹  P. Coquillat¹  E. Corbel¹  Y. Corre¹  S. Costea^1,15  X. Courtois¹  T. Czarski^1,13  R. Daniel^1,16  J. Daumas¹  M. De Combarieu¹  G. De Temmerman^1,12  P. De Vries^1,12  C. Dechelle¹  F. Deguara¹  R. Dejarnac^1,17  J.M. Delaplanche¹  L.F. Delgado-Aparicio⁷  E. Delmas¹  L. Delpech¹  C. Desgranges¹  P. Devynck¹  S. Di Genova^1,18  R. Diab⁵  A. Diallo⁷  M. Diez¹  G. Dif-Pradalier¹  M. Dimitrova^1,17  B. Ding^1,19  T. Dittmar^1,10  L. Doceul¹  M. Domenes¹  D. Douai¹  H. Dougnac¹  X. Duan⁶  L. Dubus¹  N. Dumas¹  R. Dumont¹  F. Durand¹  A. Durif¹  A. Durocher^1,12  F. Durodié^2,20  A. Ekedahl¹  D. Elbeze¹  S. Ertmer^1,10  A. Escarguel²  F. Escourbiac^1,12  K. Ezato^2,21  F. Faisse¹  N. Faure¹  N. Fedorczak¹  P. Fejoz¹  C. Fenzi-Bonizec¹  F. Ferlay¹  M. Firdaouss¹  L. Fleury¹  D. Flouquet¹  A. Gallo¹  Y. Gao^1,10  X. Garbet¹  J. Garcia¹  J.L. Gardarein²  L. Gargiulo¹  P. Garibaldi¹  S. Garitta¹  J. Gaspar²  E. Gauthier¹  P. Gavila^2,22  S. Gazzotti¹  F. Gely¹  M. Geynet¹  S. Gharafi¹  P. Ghendrih¹  I. Giacalone¹  C. Gil¹  S. Ginoux¹  S. Girard¹  E. Giroux¹  G. Giruzzi¹  C. Goletto¹  M. Goniche¹  T. Gray^2,23  E. Grelier¹  H. Greuner⁹  E. Grigore^2,24  C. Grisolia¹  A. Grosjean¹  A. Grosman¹  D. Guibert¹  D. Guilhem¹  C. Guillemaut¹  B. Guillermin¹  R. Guirlet¹  J.P. Gunn¹  Y. Gunsu^2,25  T. Gyergyek^1,15  A. Hakola^2,26  J. Harris^2,23  J.C. Hatchressian¹  W. Helou^1,12  P. Hennequin^2,27  C. Hernandez¹  K. Hill⁷  J. Hillairet¹  T. Hirai^1,12  G.T. Hoang¹  M. Houry¹  T. Hutter¹  F. Imbeaux¹  N. Imbert¹  I. Ivanova-Stanik^1,13  R. Jalageas¹  A. Jardin⁸  L. Jaubert¹  G. Jiolat¹  A. Jonas¹  P. Joubert¹  A. Kirschner^1,10  C. Klepper^2,23  M. Komm^1,17  M. Koubiti²  J. Kovacic^1,15  M. Kozeiha¹  K. Krieger⁹  K. Krol⁸  B. Lacroix¹  L. Laguardia^2,28  V. Lamaison¹  H. Laqua^2,29  C. Lau^2,23  Y. Lausenaz¹  R. Lé¹  M. Le Bohec¹  N. Lefevre¹  N. Lemoine^1,11  E. Lerche^2,20  M. Lewerentz^2,29  Y. Li^1,10  M. Li^1,19  A. Liang⁶  P. Linczuk^1,13  C. Linsmeier^1,10  M. Lipa¹  X. Litaudon¹  X. Liu⁶  J. Llorens¹  T. Loarer¹  A. Loarte^1,12  T. Loewenhoff^1,10  G. Lombard¹  J. Lore^2,23  P. Lorenzetto^2,22  P. Lotte¹  M. Lozano¹  B. Lu⁶  R. Lunsford⁷  G. Luo^1,19  P. Magaud¹  P. Maget¹  J.F. Mahieu¹  P. Maini¹  P. Malard¹  K. Malinowski^1,13  P. Manas¹  L. Manenc¹  Y. Marandet²  J.L. Marechal¹  S. Marek⁸  C. Martin²  E. Martin^2,23  A. Martinez¹  P. Martino¹  D. Mazon¹  P. Messina¹  L. Meunier¹  D. Midou¹  Y. Mineo¹  M. Missilian¹  R. Mitteau¹  B. Mitu^2,24  P. Mollard¹  V. Moncada¹  T. Mondiere¹  J. Morales¹  M. Moreau¹  P. Moreau¹  Y Moudden¹  G. Moureau¹  D. Mouyon¹  M. Muraglia²  A. Nagy⁷  T. Nakano^2,21  E. Nardon¹  A. Neff^2,23  F. Nespoli^1,18  J. Nichols^3,30  S. Nicollet¹  R. Nouailletas¹  M. Ono⁷  V. Ostuni¹  C. Parish^2,23  H. Park^3,31  H. Parrat¹  J.Y. Pascal¹  B. Pégourié¹  F.P. Pellissier¹  Y. Peneliau¹  M. Peret¹  Y. Peysson¹  E. Pignoly¹  G. Pintsuk^1,10  R. Pitts^1,12  C. Pocheau¹  C. Portafaix¹  M. Poulos⁷  P. Prochet¹  A. Puig Sitjes⁹  M. Rasinski^1,10  G. Raup⁹  X. Regal-Mezin¹  C. Reux¹  B. Riccardi^2,22  J. Rice⁵  M. Richou¹  F. Rigollet²  H. Roche¹  J. Romazanov^1,10  C. Ruset^2,24  R. Sabot¹  A. Saille¹  R. Sakamoto^3,32  T. Salmon¹  F. Samaille¹  A. Santagiustina¹  B. Santraine¹  Y. Sarazin¹  E. Serre^1,18  H. Shin^1,14  S. Shiraiwai⁷  Ja. Signoret¹  Je. Signoret¹  A. Simonin¹  O. Skalli Fettachi¹  Y. Song^1,19  A. Spring^2,29  P. Spuig¹  S. Sridhar¹  B. Stratton⁷  C. Talatizi¹  P. Tamain¹  R. Tatali^1,18  M. Téna¹  A. Torre¹  L. Toulouse¹  J.M. Travère¹  W. Treutterer⁹  E. Tsitrone¹  E. Unterberg^2,23  G. Urbanczyk^3,33  D. Van Eester^2,20  G. Van Rooij^3,34  S. Vartanian¹  J.M. Verger¹  L. Vermare^2,27  D. Vézinet¹  N. Vignal¹  B. Vincent¹  S. Vives¹  D. Volpe¹  G. Wallace⁵  E. Wang^1,10  L. Wang^1,19  Yi. Wang⁶  Yo. Wang^1,19  T. Wauters^2,20  B. Wirth^3,30  M. Wirtz^1,10  A. Wojenski^3,35  J. Wright⁵  M. Xu⁶  Q. Yang^1,19  H. Yang¹  B. Zago¹  Zagorski^1,13  B. Zhang^1,19  X. Zhang^1,19  X. Zou¹ 

[1] CEA;Aix Marseille Univ.;American University of Beirut;Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Applied Materials;MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center;Southwestern Institute of Physics;Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University, PO Box 451, Princeton;Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish, Academy of Sciences;Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik;Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung;Institut Jean Lamour, Université de Lorraine;ITER Organization;Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion;Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology;University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering;Institute for Plasma Research;Institute of Plasma Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences;Aix-Marseille Univ.;Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences;LPP-ERM/KMS;National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology;Fusion for Energy;Oak Ridge National Laboratory;National Institute for Laser;Pohang University of Science and Technology;VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd.;LPP, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne Universités;Institute of Plasma Physics ‘P.Caldirola’, National Research Council of Italy;Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics;University of Tennessee;Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology;National Institute for Fusion Science;Shenzhen University;Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research;Warsaw University of Technology

关键词: nuclear fusion;    magnetic confinement;    tokamak physics;    divertor;    WEST;    ITER;    DEMO;   

DOI  :  10.1088/1741-4326/ac2525

来源: Institute of Physics Publishing Ltd.

【 摘 要 】

WEST is an MA class superconducting, actively cooled, full tungsten (W) tokamak, designed to operate in long pulses up to 1000 s. In support of ITER operation and DEMO conceptual activities, key missions of WEST are: (i) qualification of high heat flux plasma-facing components in integrating both technological and physics aspects in relevant heat and particle exhaust conditions, particularly for the tungsten monoblocks foreseen in ITER divertor; (ii) integrated steady-state operation at high confinement, with a focus on power exhaust issues. During the phase 1 of operation (2017–2020), a set of actively cooled ITER-grade plasma facing unit prototypes was integrated into the inertially cooled W coated startup lower divertor. Up to 8.8 MW of RF power has been coupled to the plasma and divertor heat flux of up to 6 MW m⁻² were reached. Long pulse operation was started, using the upper actively cooled divertor, with a discharge of about 1 min achieved. This paper gives an overview of the results achieved in phase 1. Perspectives for phase 2, operating with the full capability of the device with the complete ITER-grade actively cooled lower divertor, are also described.

【 授权许可】

Unknown