BMC Psychiatry | 卷:22 |
Factor structure, measurement invariance, and concurrent validity of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale-7 in a Norwegian psychiatric outpatient sample | |
Research | |
Stian Solem1  Martin Schevik Lindberg1  Audun Havnen1  Odin Hjemdal1  Martin Brattmyr1  | |
[1] Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; | |
关键词: PHQ-9; GAD-7; Factor structure; Measurement invariance; Reliability; Validity; | |
DOI : 10.1186/s12888-022-04101-z | |
received in 2021-06-29, accepted in 2022-06-29, 发布年份 2022 | |
来源: Springer | |
【 摘 要 】
ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to test factor structure, measurement invariance, and concurrent validity of the nine item Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and the seven item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale-7 (GAD-7) in a heterogeneous outpatient sample.MethodOutpatients completed the PHQ-9, GAD-7, and the Working Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS) before starting treatment. Study design was cross-sectional, with convenience sampling. The total sample consisted of 831 participants (61% women).ResultsBoth PHQ-9 and GAD-7 demonstrated better fit statistics with two-factor and bifactor solutions consisting of a cognitive and somatic factor. Omega hierarchical was .78 for PHQ-9 and .81 for GAD-7. Both instruments achieved scalar invariance across gender, diagnosis, and comorbidity. However, the somatic factors demonstrated poor discriminant validity. These factors are not well separatable and risks being too similar if used together. The general factors of both instruments were most associated with functional impairment, although PHQ-9 demonstrated a stronger association with WSAS (γ = .74, r2 = .62) than GAD-7 (γ = .54, r2 = .32). Using latent mean difference, women and patients with comorbidity had significantly higher scores of both depression and anxiety.ConclusionThis study shows that the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 may be used as one-dimensional instruments in clinical settings. Tests for measurement invariance supported that both measures are understood and interpreted comparably across gender and diagnostic subgroups.
【 授权许可】
CC BY
© The Author(s) 2022. corrected publication 2022
【 预 览 】
Files | Size | Format | View |
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RO202304229738626ZK.pdf | 1160KB | download | |
Fig. 1 | 373KB | Image | download |
【 图 表 】
Fig. 1
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