Latitude, Vitamin D, Melatonin, and Gut Microbiota Act in Concert to Initiate Multiple Sclerosis: A New Mechanistic Pathway

Frontiers in Immunology

Naser Farhadi²  Russel J. Reiter³  Majid Ghareghani⁴  Kazem Zibara⁵ 

[1] CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada;Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran;Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, United States;Medicinal Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran;PRASE, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon;

关键词: multiple sclerosis;    latitude;    sunlight;    vitamin D;    melatonin;    gut microbiota;   

DOI  :  10.3389/fimmu.2018.02484

来源: DOAJ

【 摘 要 】

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). While the etiology of MS is still largely unknown, scientists believe that the interaction of several endogenous and exogenous factors may be involved in this disease. Epidemiologists have seen an increased prevalence of MS in countries at high latitudes, where the sunlight is limited and where the populations have vitamin D deficiency and high melatonin levels. Although the functions and synthesis of vitamin D and melatonin are contrary to each other, both are involved in the immune system. While melatonin synthesis is affected by light, vitamin D deficiency may be involved in melatonin secretion. On the other hand, vitamin D deficiency reduces intestinal calcium absorption leading to gut stasis and subsequently increasing gut permeability. The latter allows gut microbiota to transfer more endotoxins such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) into the blood. LPS stimulates the production of inflammatory cytokines within the CNS, especially the pineal gland. This review summarizes the current findings on the correlation between latitude, sunlight and vitamin D, and details their effects on intestinal calcium absorption, gut microbiota and neuroinflammatory mediators in MS. We also propose a new mechanistic pathway for the initiation of MS.

【 授权许可】

Unknown