Gender Differences in Urothelial Bladder Cancer: Effects of Natural Killer Lymphocyte Immunity

Journal of Clinical Medicine

Lydia Livas¹  Steven R. Presnell¹  Charles T. Lutz¹  Morgan Sexton¹  Peng Wang² 

[1] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA;Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA;

关键词: urothelial bladder cancer;    natural killer cells;    androgens;    immunosuppression;    X chromosome;    sex factors;   

DOI  :  10.3390/jcm10215163

来源: DOAJ

【 摘 要 】

Men are more likely to develop cancer than women. In fact, male predominance is one of the most consistent cancer epidemiology findings. Additionally, men have a poorer prognosis and an increased risk of secondary malignancies compared to women. These differences have been investigated in order to better understand cancer and to better treat both men and women. In this review, we discuss factors that may cause this gender difference, focusing on urothelial bladder cancer (UBC) pathogenesis. We consider physiological factors that may cause higher male cancer rates, including differences in X chromosome gene expression. We discuss how androgens may promote bladder cancer development directly by stimulating bladder urothelium and indirectly by suppressing immunity. We are particularly interested in the role of natural killer (NK) cells in anti-cancer immunity.

【 授权许可】

Unknown