Shallow Groundwater Quality Assessment and Its Suitability Analysis for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes

Water

Gohar Rehman¹  Mamoona Munir²  Muwaffaq Alqurashi³  Juanfen Chai⁴  Muhammad Yousuf Jat Baloch⁴  Wenjing Zhang⁴  Shuxin Li⁴  Enas E. Hussein⁵  Shakeel Ahmed Talpur⁶  Javed Iqbal⁶  Aqil Tariq⁷ 

[1] College of Construction Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China;Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China;National Water Research Center, P.O. Box 74, Shubra El-Kheima 13411, Egypt;School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China;State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing (LIESMARS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China;

关键词: hydrogeochemical facies;    water–rock interaction;    groundwater;    water quality index (WQI);    multivariate analysis;    health risk rate (HRR);   

DOI  :  10.3390/w13233361

来源: DOAJ

【 摘 要 】

For shallow groundwater, hydrogeochemical processes and quality assessment must be addressed because shallow groundwater is freely available in many parts of the globe. Due to recent anthropogenic activities and environmental changes in Sakrand, Sindh, Pakistan, the groundwater is extremely vulnerable. To provide safe drinking and agricultural water, hydrogeochemical analysis is required. Ninety-five groundwater samples were analyzed using agricultural and drinking indices to determine the hydrogeochemical parameters using multivariate analysis such as Pearson correlations, principal component cluster analysis, as well as Piper diagrams and Gibbs plot for drinking and agricultural indices. An abundance of ions was observed through the statistical summary; however, cations and anions were recorded in the orders Na⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺ > K⁺ and HCO₃⁻ > Cl⁻ > SO₄²⁻ > NO₃⁻ > F⁻. The hydrogeochemical process used to quantify the major reactions occurring in the groundwater system showed rock dominance; the Piper diagrams evaluated the water type. A mixed pattern of calcium, magnesium, and chloride ions (Ca²⁺−Mg²⁺−Cl⁻ type) was observed. Additionally, the ion exchange method showed an excess of bicarbonate ions due to carbonic acid weathering. The water quality index (WQI) resulted 32.6% of groundwater being unsuitable for human consumption; however, the United States Salinity Laboratory (USSL) diagram showed 60% of samples were unsuitable for irrigation due to high salinity and the Wilcox diagram depicted 5% of samples lying in the unsuitable region. Most of the water samples were suitable for drinking; only a few samples were unsafe for drinking purposes for children due to the high hazard index.

【 授权许可】

Unknown