Long-Term Immunity and Antibody Response: Challenges for Developing Efficient COVID-19 Vaccines

Antibodies

Alecsander P. da Silva¹  Dakarai D. Barnard-Pratt¹  Mohammad Reza Sepand¹  Alexis J. Lannigan¹  Scott McGoldrick¹  Jared M. Boisclair¹  Shannon E. Lynch¹  Leland O. Barrett¹  Steven Zanganeh¹  Yuvraj Lnu¹  Banafsheh Bigdelou¹  Ian M. Sullivan¹  Mohammad Sharaf²  Jim Q. Ho³ 

[1] Department of Bioengineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA;Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA;Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;

关键词: SARS-CoV-2;    immunogenicity;    vaccine;    COVID-19;    antibodies;   

DOI  :  10.3390/antib11020035

来源: DOAJ

【 摘 要 】

Questions and concerns regarding the efficacy and immunogenicity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines have plagued scientists since the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine was introduced in late 2020. As a result, decisions about vaccine boosters based on breakthrough infection rates and the decline of antibody titers have commanded worldwide attention and research. COVID-19 patients have displayed continued severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-spike-protein-specific antibodies and neutralizing antibodies in longitudinal studies; in addition, cytokine activation has been detected at early steps following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Epitopes that are highly reactive and can mediate long-term antibody responses have been identified at the spike and ORF1ab proteins. The N-terminal domain of the S1 and S2 subunits is the location of important SARS-CoV-2 spike protein epitopes. High sequence identity between earlier and newer variants of SARS-CoV-2 and different degrees of sequence homology among endemic human coronaviruses have been observed. Understanding the extent and duration of protective immunity is consequential for determining the course of the COVID-19 pandemic. Further knowledge of memory responses to different variants of SARS-CoV-2 is needed to improve the design of the vaccine.

【 授权许可】

Unknown