Alterations of Signaling Pathways Related to the Immune System in Breast Cancer: New Perspectives in Patient Management

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Angelo Carpi¹  Andrea Nicolini²  Lucrezia Diodati²  Paola Ferrari² 

[1] Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;Department of Oncology, Transplantations and New Technologies in Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;

关键词: breast cancer;    immune response;    signaling pathways;    tumor initiating cells;    cancer stem cells;    TNF;    NF-κB;    CD47 upregulation;    STAT-1;    STAT-3;   

DOI  :  10.3390/ijms19092733

来源: DOAJ

【 摘 要 】

In recent years, immune manipulation for cancer treatment, including breast cancer, has been increasingly gaining consent, and many attempts have been made, mainly by either strengthening the immune response (IR) or by inhibiting immune evasion. Therefore, elucidating the related mechanisms is of importance due to the potential to improve the management of cancer patients by immunotherapy. This review article summarized some recent experimental studies, which have discovered novel alterations of signaling pathways related to the immune system in breast cancer. These altered signaling pathways have been grouped according to the general biological mechanism involved: tumor-initiating cells (TICs), cancer stem cells (CSCs), immune evasion, tumor growth and progression, prediction of clinical outcome and prediction of response, or resistance to chemotherapy. These altered pathways related to the immune system open clinical opportunities for the prognosis or treatment of patients. Many of these pathways are related to the origin of breast cancer and immune evasion. We recommended development of new drugs which act on these molecular pathways, and the designing of clinical trials to be carried out mainly in breast cancer patients who required adjuvant treatment.

【 授权许可】

Unknown