Photonic and Optomechanical Thermometry

Optics

Rémy Braive¹  Théo Martel¹  Alberto Casas²  Maria Jose Martin²  Andrea Cupertino³  Peter G. Steeneken³  Richard A. Norte³  Georg Winzer⁴  Lars Zimmermann⁵  Lukas Weituschat⁶  Pablo A. Postigo⁶  Daniel Ramos⁶  Walter Dickmann⁷  Stefanie Kroker⁷  Ferhat Loubar⁸  Stéphan Briaudeau⁸  Olga Kozlova⁸  Tristan Briant⁹  Sara Pourjamal^1,10  Ossi Hahtela^1,10  Shahin Tabandeh^1,10  Stephan Krenek^1,11  René Eisermann^1,11  Daniel Schmid^1,11 

[1] Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91120 Palaiseau, France;Centro Español de Metrologia (CEM), Calle del Alfar, 2, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain;Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands;IHP—Leibniz-Institut für innovative Mikroelektronik, Im Technologiepark 25, 15236 Frankfurt (Oder), Germany;Institut für Hochfrequenz- und Halbleiter-Systemtechnologien, Technische Universität Berlin, Einsteinufer 25, 10587 Berlin, Germany;Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM, CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC) Isaac Newton, 8, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain;LENA Laboratory for Emerging Nanometrology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 6 a/b, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany;Laboratoire Commun de Métrologie (LCM LNE-Cnam), 61 Rue du Landy, F-93210 La Plaine Saint-Denis, France;Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, ENS—Université PSL, Collège de France, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France;National Metrology Institute VTT MIKES, FI-02044 VTT, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland;Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestraße 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany;

关键词: thermometry;    photonic;    optomechanic;    temperature sensors;    photonic integrated circuit;   

DOI  :  10.3390/opt3020017

来源: DOAJ

【 摘 要 】

Temperature is one of the most relevant physical quantities that affects almost all processes in nature. However, the realization of accurate temperature standards using current temperature references, like the triple point of water, is difficult due to the requirements on material purity and stability of the environment. In addition, in harsh environments, current temperature sensors with electrical readout, like platinum resistors, are difficult to implement, urging the development of optical temperature sensors. In 2018, the European consortium Photoquant, consisting of metrological institutes and academic partners, started investigating new temperature standards for self-calibrated, embedded optomechanical sensor applications, as well as optimised high resolution and high reliability photonic sensors, to measure temperature at the nano and meso-scales and as a possible replacement for the standard platinum resistant thermometers. This article presents an overview of the results obtained with sensor prototypes that exploit photonic and optomechanical techniques for sensing temperatures over a large temperature range (5 K to 300 K). Different concepts are demonstrated, including ring resonators, ladder-like resonators and suspended membrane optomechanical thermometers, highlighting initial performance and challenges, like self-heating that need to be overcome to realize photonic and optomechanical thermometry applications.

【 授权许可】

Unknown