Toxins | |
Ultrasound Guidance for Botulinum Neurotoxin Chemodenervation Procedures | |
Barbara I. Karp1  Katharine E. Alter2  | |
[1] Combined Neurosciences IRB, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1604, USA;Functional and Applied Biomechanics Section, Rehabilitation Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1604, USA; | |
关键词: botulinum neurotoxin; botulinum toxin; chemodenervation; guidance; ultrasound; electrical stimulation; electromyography; motor points; anatomic localization; | |
DOI : 10.3390/toxins10010018 | |
来源: DOAJ |
【 摘 要 】
Injections of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are prescribed by clinicians for a variety of disorders that cause over-activity of muscles; glands; pain and other structures. Accurately targeting the structure for injection is one of the principle goals when performing BoNTs procedures. Traditionally; injections have been guided by anatomic landmarks; palpation; range of motion; electromyography or electrical stimulation. Ultrasound (US) based imaging based guidance overcomes some of the limitations of traditional techniques. US and/or US combined with traditional guidance techniques is utilized and or recommended by many expert clinicians; authors and in practice guidelines by professional academies. This article reviews the advantages and disadvantages of available guidance techniques including US as well as technical aspects of US guidance and a focused literature review related to US guidance for chemodenervation procedures including BoNTs injection.
【 授权许可】
Unknown