Human Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin Glycan Evolution Follows a Temporal Pattern to a Glycan Limit

mBio

James S. Gibbs¹  Jonathan W. Yewdell¹  Matthew Angel¹  Ivan Košík¹  Meghan O. Altman¹  Rommie E. Amaro²  Lorenzo Casalino²  Seth J. Zost³  Scott E. Hensley³  Martha I. Nelson⁴  Nídia S. Trovão⁴ 

[1] Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA;Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the National Biomedical Computation Resource, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA;Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA;

关键词: influenza;    viral evolution;    hemagglutinin;    immune evasion;    glycosylation;   

DOI  :  10.1128/mBio.00204-19

来源: DOAJ

【 摘 要 】

ABSTRACT Human antibody-based immunity to influenza A virus is limited by antigenic drift resulting from amino acid substitutions in the hemagglutinin (HA) head domain. Glycan addition can cause large antigenic changes but is limited by fitness costs to viral replication. Here, we report that glycans are added to H1 and H3 HAs at discrete 5-to-7-year intervals, until they reach a functional glycan limit, after which glycans are swapped at approximately 2-fold-longer intervals. Consistent with this pattern, 2009 pandemic H1N1 added a glycan at residue N162 over the 2015–2016 season, an addition that required two epistatic HA head mutations for complete glycosylation. These strains rapidly replaced H1N1 strains globally, by 2017 dominating H3N2 and influenza B virus strains for the season. The pattern of glycan modulation that we outline should aid efforts for tracing the epidemic potential of evolving human IAV strains. IMPORTANCE Frequent mutation of its major antibody target, the glycoprotein hemagglutinin, ensures that the influenza virus is perennially both a rapidly emerging virus and a major threat to public health. One type of mutation escapes immunity by adding a glycan onto an area of hemagglutinin that many antibodies recognize. This study revealed that these glycan changes follow a simple temporal pattern. Every 5 to 7 years, hemagglutinin adds a new glycan, up to a limit. After this limit is reached, no net additions of glycans occur. Instead, glycans are swapped or lost at longer intervals. Eventually, a pandemic replaces the terminally glycosylated hemagglutinin with a minimally glycosylated one from the animal reservoir, restarting the cycle. This pattern suggests the following: (i) some hemagglutinins are evolved for this decades-long process, which is both defined by and limited by successive glycan addition; and (ii) hemagglutinin's antibody dominance and its capacity for mutations are highly adapted features that allow influenza to outpace our antibody-based immunity.

【 授权许可】

Unknown