Lipophilic Toxins in Wild Bivalves from the Southern Gulf of California, Mexico

Marine Drugs

Ignacio Leyva-Valencia¹  David J. López-Cortés²  Francisco E. Hernández-Sandoval²  José J. Bustillos-Guzmán²  Erick J. Núñez-Vázquez²  Jesús Ernestina Hernández-Castro³  Christine J. Band-Schmidt³  Alison O’Neill⁴  Andrew D. Turner⁴ 

[1] CONACYT-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, La Paz, B.C.S. 23096, Mexico;Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, La Paz, B.C.S. 23096, Mexico;Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, La Paz, B.C.S. 23096, Mexico;The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK;

关键词: lipophilic toxins;    dinoflagellates;    cyclic imines;    bivalves;    LC-MS/MS;   

DOI  :  10.3390/md19020099

来源: DOAJ

【 摘 要 】

Most of the shellfish fisheries of Mexico occur in the Gulf of California. In this region, known for its high primary productivity, blooms of diatoms and dinoflagellates are common, occurring mainly during upwelling events. Dinoflagellates that produce lipophilic toxins are present, where some outbreaks related to okadaic acid and dinophisystoxins have been recorded. From January 2015 to November 2017 samples of three species of wild bivalve mollusks were collected monthly in five sites in the southern region of Bahía de La Paz. Pooled tissue extracts were analyzed using LC-MS/MS to detect lipophilic toxins. Eighteen analogs of seven toxin groups, including cyclic imines were identified, fortunately individual toxins did not exceed regulatory levels and also the total toxin concentration for each bivalve species was lower than the maximum permitted level for human consumption. Interspecific differences in toxin number and concentration were observed in three species of bivalves even when the samples were collected at the same site. Okadaic acid was detected in low concentrations, while yessotoxins and gymnodimines had the highest concentrations in bivalve tissues. Although in low quantities, the presence of cyclic imines and other lipophilic toxins in bivalves from the southern Gulf of California was constant.

【 授权许可】

Unknown