Hostplant change and paleoclimatic events explain diversification shifts in skipper butterflies (Family: Hesperiidae)

BMC Evolutionary Biology

Steve C. Collins¹  Ranjit Kumar Sahoo²  Ullasa Kodandaramaiah²  Andrew D. Warren³ 

[1] African Butterfly Research Institute (ABRI);IISER-TVM Centre for Research and Education in Ecology and Evolution (ICREEE), School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research;McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida;

关键词: K-Pg;    Ecological opportunity;    Diversification;    Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum;    Grass-feeding;    Monocot feeding;   

DOI  :  10.1186/s12862-017-1016-x

来源: DOAJ

【 摘 要 】

Abstract Background Skippers (Family: Hesperiidae) are a large group of butterflies with ca. 4000 species under 567 genera. The lack of a time-calibrated higher-level phylogeny of the group has precluded understanding of its evolutionary past. We here use a 10-gene dataset to reconstruct the most comprehensive time-calibrated phylogeny of the group, and explore factors that affected the diversification of these butterflies. Results Ancestral state reconstructions show that the early hesperiid lineages utilized dicots as larval hostplants. The ability to feed on monocots evolved once at the K-Pg boundary (ca. 65 million years ago (Mya)), and allowed monocot-feeders to diversify much faster on average than dicot-feeders. The increased diversification rate of the monocot-feeding clade is specifically attributed to rate shifts in two of its descendant lineages. The first rate shift, a four-fold increase compared to background rates, happened ca. 50 Mya, soon after the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum, in a lineage of the subfamily Hesperiinae that mostly fed on forest monocots. The second rate shift happened ca. 40 Mya in a grass-feeding lineage of Hesperiinae when open-habitat grasslands appeared in the Neotropics owing to gradual cooling of the atmospheric temperature. Conclusions The evolution of monocot feeding strongly influenced diversification of skippers. We hypothesize that although monocot feeding was an intrinsic trait that allowed exploration of novel niches, the lack of extensive availability of monocots comprised an extrinsic limitation for niche exploration. The shifts in diversification rate coincided with paleoclimatic events during which grasses and forest monocots were diversified.

【 授权许可】

Unknown