In-Vivo and Ex-Vivo Measurements of Blood Glucose Using Whispering Gallery Modes

Sensors

R. Dolia¹  M.T. Islam²  LouisW. Y. Liu³  E. Kogut⁴  Z.E. Eremenko⁵  A. Kogut⁵  SonT. Nguyen⁵  S. Nosatiuk⁵  Abhishek Kandwal⁶ 

[1] Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia;;Department of Electrical, Electronic &Faculty of Engineering, Vietnamese German University, Le Lai Street, Hoa Phu Ward, Thu Dau Mot City 75000, Vietnam;Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics, V.N.Karazin Kharkov National University, 61072 Kharkov, Ukraine;O.Ya.Usikov Institute for Radiophysics and Electronics of NAS of Ukraine, 61072 Kharkov, Ukraine;SIAT Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518100, China;

关键词: whispering gallery modes;    blood glucose;    non-invasive;    fast wave;    slow wave;    surface wave;    microwave;    goubau line;   

DOI  :  10.3390/s20030830

来源: DOAJ

【 摘 要 】

The permittivity of blood glucose is not a strong function of its concentration in microwave or millimeter-wave frequencies. Measuring glucose concentrations remains a challenge, particularly in the presence of interference caused by the ambient leaky waves. In this paper, however, we demonstrate that a near-linear correlation between the glucose concentration and the blood permittivity was noticeably observed at a whispering gallery mode resonance. Method: the proposed sensor was a vacuum suction aspirator partially wounded with a turn of the Goubau line. This arrangement enabled a fixed cylindrical volume of a skin tissue bump or glucose/water solution to be formed and used as a whispering gallery resonator for in-vivo and ex-vivo measurements. Results: in the in-vivo study, a near-linear correlation between the glucose levels and the S21 parameters was noticeably observed at the fundamental whispering gallery resonance (i.e., at 2.18 GHz). In the ex-vivo study, a similar correlation was observed between the concentration of a glucose/water solution and the S21 parameters 56.6 GHz. Conclusion: the results of both investigations were consistent not only with the invasive measurements using the Accu-check^TM, but also with the conclusion drawn by some other research groups who have successfully measured blood glucose concentrations at millimeter-wave frequencies.

【 授权许可】

Unknown