Belief about nicotine modulates subjective craving and insula activity in deprived smokers

Frontiers in Psychiatry

Ramiro Salas¹  Philip Baldwin¹  Alireza Soltani²  Paul Cinciripini³  Xiaosi Gu⁵  Ulrich Kirk⁶  Read Montague⁷  Terry Lohrenz⁸ 

[1] Baylor College of Medicine;Dartmouth College;The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center;The University of Texas at Dallas;University College London;University of Southern Denmark;Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University;Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute;

关键词: fMRI;    craving;    insula;    Belief;    interoception;    nicotine addiction;   

DOI  :  10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00126

来源: DOAJ

【 摘 要 】

Little is known about the specific neural mechanisms through which cognitive factors influence craving and associated brain responses, despite of the initial success of cognitive therapies in treating drug addiction. In this study, we investigated how cognitive factors such as beliefs influence subjective craving and neural activities in nicotine-addicted individuals using model-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and neuropharmacology. Deprived smokers (N=24) participated in a two-by-two balanced placebo design which crossed beliefs about nicotine (told nicotine vs. told no nicotine) with the nicotine content in a cigarette (nicotine vs. placebo) which participants smoked immediately before performing an fMRI task of reward learning. Subjects’ reported craving was measured both before smoking and after the fMRI session. We found that first, in the presence of nicotine, smokers demonstrated significantly reduced craving after smoking when told nicotine in cigarette but showed no change in craving when told no nicotine. Second, neural activity in the insular cortex related to craving was only significant when smokers were told nicotine but not when told no nicotine. Both effects were absent in the placebo condition. Third, insula activation related to computational learning signals was modulated by belief about nicotine regardless of nicotine’s presence. These results suggest that belief about nicotine has a strong impact on subjective craving and insula responses related to both craving and learning in deprived smokers, providing insights into the complex nature of belief-drug interactions.

【 授权许可】

Unknown