Super-Sensitive LC-MS Analyses of Exposure Biomarkers for Multiple Mycotoxins in a Rural Pakistan Population

Toxins

Hifza Rasheed¹  Lei Xia²  Yun Yun Gong²  Michael N. Routledge³  Hang Wu³ 

[1] Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;

关键词: mycotoxins;    biomarkers;    exposure assessment;    human biomonitoring;    UPLC-MS/MS;   

DOI  :  10.3390/toxins14030193

来源: DOAJ

【 摘 要 】

High levels of mycotoxin contamination have been reported in various food commodities in Pakistan, however, there has been no exposure assessment study using multiple mycotoxins’ biomarkers. This study aimed to simultaneously assess the exposure to the five major mycotoxins: aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisin B₁ (FB₁), ochratoxin A (OTA) and zearalenone (ZEN) in a Pakistani population using an integrated approach of human biomonitoring. Human urine samples (n = 292) were analyzed by a super-sensitive liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. Rice and wheat were also collected and analyzed for mycotoxins by the LC-MS/MS method. Food consumption data were collected using a 24 h recall method. A high prevalence of urinary AFM₁ (66%, mean ± SD 20.8 ± 41.3 pg/mL) and OTA (99%, 134.7 ± 312.0 pg/mL) were found, whilst urinary DON, FB₁ and ZEN levels were low. The probable daily intake (PDI) derived from the urinary biomarkers revealed that 89% of the participants had exposure to OTA exceeding the established tolerable daily intake (TDI = 17 ng/kg bw/day). The average PDI of AFB₁ for the studied population was 43 ng/kg bw/day, with rice as the main source of AFB₁ exposure. In summary, exposure to AFB₁ and OTA are of health concern and require further management.

【 授权许可】

Unknown