Ground-Based Measurements of the 2014–2015 Holuhraun Volcanic Cloud (Iceland)

Geosciences

Fred Prata¹  Richard F. Yeo²  Amy Donovan³  Bo Galle⁴  Vladimir Conde⁴  Santiago Arellano⁴  Alessandro Aiuppa⁵  Nicole S. Keller⁶  Þorsteinn Jóhannsson⁶  Elín B. Jónasdóttir⁷  Sibylle von Löwis⁷  Melissa A. Pfeffer⁷  Þórður Arason⁷  Hermann Arngrímsson⁷  Mary K. Butwin⁷  Þorgils Ingvarsson⁷  Sara Barsotti⁷  Gerður Stefánsdóttir⁷  Baldur Bergsson⁷  Andri Stefánsson⁸  Stéphanie Dumont⁸  Robert A. Askew⁸  Alessandro La Spina⁹  Gaetano Giudice^1,10  Fausto Grassa^1,10  Mario Montopoli^1,11  Frank Marzano^1,12  Luigi Mereu^1,12  Helen Thomas^1,13  Evgenia Ilyinskaya^1,14  Rachel C. W. Whitty^1,14  Mike Burton^1,15  Isla C. Simmons^1,16 

[1] AIRES Pty Ltd, PO Box 156, Mt Eliza, Victoria 3930, Australia;AUV Consultants, 52Vesturás, Reykjavík 101, Iceland;Department of Geography, King’s College London, WC2R 2LS London, UK;Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden;Dipartimento DiSTeM, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 36, 90123 Palermo, Italy;Environment Agency of Iceland, Suðurlandsbraut 24, 108 Reykjavík, Iceland;Icelandic Meteorological Office, Bústaðavegur 7-9, 108 Reykjavík, Iceland;Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Sæmundargata 2, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland;Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia- Sezione di Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy;Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia- Sezione di Palermo, Via Ugo la Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy;National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy;Sapienza, University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy;School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1TH Bristol, UK;School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, UK;School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9P Manchester, UK;School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9XP Edinburgh, UK;

关键词: Holuhraun;    Bárðarbunga;    gas;    SO2;    cloud height;    eruption monitoring;    fissure eruption;   

DOI  :  10.3390/geosciences8010029

来源: DOAJ

【 摘 要 】

The 2014–2015 Bárðarbunga fissure eruption at Holuhraun in central Iceland was distinguished by the high emission of gases, in total 9.6 Mt SO2, with almost no tephra. This work collates all ground-based measurements of this extraordinary eruption cloud made under particularly challenging conditions: remote location, optically dense cloud with high SO2 column amounts, low UV intensity, frequent clouds and precipitation, an extensive and hot lava field, developing ramparts, and high-latitude winter conditions. Semi-continuous measurements of SO2 flux with three scanning DOAS instruments were augmented by car traverses along the ring-road and along the lava. The ratios of other gases/SO2 were measured by OP-FTIR, MultiGAS, and filter packs. Ratios of SO2/HCl = 30–110 and SO2/HF = 30–130 show a halogen-poor eruption cloud. Scientists on-site reported extremely minor tephra production during the eruption. OPC and filter packs showed low particle concentrations similar to non-eruption cloud conditions. Three weather radars detected a droplet-rich eruption cloud. Top of eruption cloud heights of 0.3–5.5 km agl were measured with ground- and aircraft-based visual observations, web camera and NicAIR II infrared images, triangulation of scanning DOAS instruments, and the location of SO2 peaks measured by DOAS traverses. Cloud height and emission rate measurements were critical for initializing gas dispersal simulations for hazard forecasting.

【 授权许可】

Unknown