Surveillance of Adenovirus and Norovirus Contaminants in the Water and Shellfish of Major Oyster Breeding Farms and Fishing Ports in Taiwan

Pathogens

I-Sen Tsai¹  Hung-Chun Chao¹  Bing-Mu Hsu¹  Viji Nagarajan¹  Jung-Sheng Chen²  Hsin-Pao Chen³  Gwo-Jong Hsu⁴  Shih-Wei Huang⁵ 

[1]Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi County 621301, Taiwan

[2]Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung 824410, Taiwan

[3]Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, E-DA Hospital, Kaohsiung 824410, Taiwan

[4]Division of Infectious Diseases, Ditmanson Medical Foundation, Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi City 60002, Taiwan

[5]Institute of Environmental Toxin and Emerging Contaminant, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 833301, Taiwan

关键词: adenovirus;    norovirus;    oyster breeding farms;    phylogenetic analysis;    shellfish;   

DOI  :  10.3390/pathogens11030316

来源: DOAJ

【 摘 要 】

The enteric viruses, including adenovirus (AdVs) and norovirus (NoVs), in shellfish is a significant food safety risk. This study investigated the prevalence, seasonal occurrence, genetic diversity, and quantification of AdVs and NoVs in the water and cultured shellfish samples at the four major coastal oyster breeding farms (COBF), five major fishing ports (FP), and their markets in Taiwan. The AdVs/NoVs in the water and shellfish samples were isolated by the membrane filtration and direct elution methods. The RNA of NoVs was reverse-transcribed into complementary DNA through reverse transcription reaction. Further NoVs and AdVs were detected using nested PCR. A higher detection rate was recorded in the low-temperature period than high-temperature. Detection difference was noted between nested PCR and qPCR outcomes for AdVs. The total detection rate of AdVs was higher in the water samples (COBF-40.6%, FP 20%) than the shellfish samples (COBF-11.7% and FP 6.3%). The AdVs load in the water and shellfish samples ranged from 1.23 × 10³ to 1.00 × 10⁶ copies/L and 3.57 × 10³ to 4.27 × 10⁴ copies/100g, respectively. The total detection of NoVs was highest in the water samples of the FP and their market shellfish samples (11.1% and 3.2%, respectively). Genotyping and phylogenetic analysis were identified as the prevalent AdVs and NoVs genotypes in the water and shellfish samples: A species HAdVs serotype 12; F species HAdVs serotype 41; and C species PAdVs serotype 5 (NoVs GI.2, GI.3 and GII.2). No significant differences were observed between the presence of AdVs, and all of the water quality parameters evaluated (heterotrophic plate count, water temperature, turbidity, pH, salinity, and dissolved oxygen). The virus contamination occurs mainly due to the direct discharge of domestic sewage, livestock farm, and fishing market wastewater into the coastal environment. Thus, this study suggested framing better estuarine management to prevent AdVs/NoVs transmission in water and cultured/distributed shellfish.

【 授权许可】

Unknown