International Journal of Molecular Sciences | |
Combination Strategies Involving Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Tyrosine Kinase or BRAF Inhibitors in Aggressive Thyroid Cancer | |
Silvia Martina Ferrari1  Armando Patrizio2  Salvatore Ulisse3  Giusy Elia4  Sabrina Rosaria Paparo4  Francesca Ragusa4  Alessandro Antonelli4  Eugenia Balestri4  Chiara Botrini4  Valeria Mazzi4  Claudio Spinelli4  Poupak Fallahi5  Rudy Foddis5  Giovanni Guglielmi6  | |
[1] Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;Department of Emergency Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, 56124 Pisa, Italy;Department of Surgical Sciences, ‘Sapienza’ University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy;Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;U.O. Medicina Preventiva Del Lavoro, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, 56124 Pisa, Italy; | |
关键词: thyroid cancer; immunotherapy; new checkpoint inhibitors; tyrosine kinase inhibitors; PD-1 inhibitors; PD-L1 inhibitors; | |
DOI : 10.3390/ijms23105731 | |
来源: DOAJ |
【 摘 要 】
Thyroid cancer is the most common (~90%) type of endocrine-system tumor, accounting for 70% of the deaths from endocrine cancers. In the last years, the high-throughput genomics has been able to identify pathways/molecular targets involved in survival and tumor progression. Targeted therapy and immunotherapy individually have many limitations. Regarding the first one, although it greatly reduces the size of the cancer, clinical responses are generally transient and often lead to cancer relapse after initial treatment. For the second one, although it induces longer-lasting responses in cancer patients than targeted therapy, its response rate is lower. The individual limitations of these two different types of therapies can be overcome by combining them. Here, we discuss MAPK pathway inhibitors, i.e., BRAF and MEK inhibitors, combined with checkpoint inhibitors targeting PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4. Several mutations make tumors resistant to treatments. Therefore, more studies are needed to investigate the patient’s individual tumor mutation burden in order to overcome the problem of resistance to therapy and to develop new combination therapies.
【 授权许可】
Unknown