Influence of a Major Mountainous Landscape Barrier (Mount Cameroon) on the Spread of Metabolic (GSTe2) and Target-Site (Rdl) Resistance Alleles in the African Malaria Vector Anopheles funestus

Genes

JacobM. Riveron¹  CharlesS. Wondji¹  Flobert Njiokou²  Nathalie Amvongo-Adjia²  Samuel Wanji³ 

[1] Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), LSTM Research Unit, P.O. Box 13591 Yaoundé, Cameroon;Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 812 Yaoundé, Cameroon;Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and Environment (REFOTDE), University of Buea, P.O. Box 474 Buea, Cameroon;

关键词: malaria;    Anopheles funestus;    insecticide resistance;    Mount Cameroon;   

DOI  :  10.3390/genes11121492

来源: DOAJ

【 摘 要 】

Increased levels of insecticide resistance in major malaria vectors such as Anopheles funestus threaten the effectiveness of insecticide-based control programmes. Understanding the landscape features impacting the spread of resistance makers is necessary to design suitable resistance management strategies. Here, we examined the influence of the highest mountain in West Africa (Mount Cameroon; 4095 m elevation) on the spread of metabolic and target-site resistance alleles in An. funestus populations. Vector composition varied across the four localities surveyed along the altitudinal cline with major vectors exhibiting high parity rate (80.5%). Plasmodium infection rates ranged from 0.79% (An. melas) to 4.67% (An. funestus). High frequencies of GSTe2^R (67–81%) and Rdl^R (49–90%) resistance alleles were observed in An. funestus throughout the study area, with GSTe2^R frequency increasing with altitude, whereas the opposite is observed for Rdl^R. Patterns of genetic diversity and population structure analyses revealed high levels of polymorphisms with 12 and 16 haplotypes respectively for GSTe2 and Rdl. However, the reduced diversity patterns of resistance allele carriers revealed signatures of positive selection on the two genes across the study area irrespective of the altitude. Despite slight variations associated with the altitude, the spread of resistance alleles suggest that control strategies could be implemented against malaria vectors across mountainous landscapes.

【 授权许可】

Unknown