Immune Dysregulation in Autism Spectrum Disorder: What Do We Know about It?

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Nicola Antonucci¹  Stephen Schultz²  Dario Siniscalco³  Elena Noris García⁴  Jarasca Fraga Guerra⁵  Maria de los Angeles Robinson-Agramonte⁶  Yamilé Vega Hurtado⁷  Neomar Semprún-Hernández⁸ 

[1] Biomedical Centre for Autism Research and Treatment, 70126 Bari, Italy;Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA;Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania, 80138 Naples, Italy;Immunology Department, National Institute of Nephrology, Havana 10600, Cuba;Microbiology Department, National Institute of Nephrology, Havana 10600, Cuba;Neuroimmunology Department, International Center for Neurological Restoration, Havana 11300, Cuba;Research Center, International Center for Neurological Restoration, Havana 11300, Cuba;Research Division, Autism Immunology Unit of Maracaibo, Catedra Libre de Autismo, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo 4001, Venezuela;

关键词: autism spectrum disorder (ASD);    autoimmunity;    neuropsychiatric disorders;    cytokines;    adaptive immunity;    innate immunity;   

DOI  :  10.3390/ijms23063033

来源: DOAJ

【 摘 要 】

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of complex multifactorial neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by a wide and variable set of neuropsychiatric symptoms, including deficits in social communication, narrow and restricted interests, and repetitive behavior. The immune hypothesis is considered to be a major factor contributing to autism pathogenesis, as well as a way to explain the differences of the clinical phenotypes and comorbidities influencing disease course and severity. Evidence highlights a link between immune dysfunction and behavioral traits in autism from several types of evidence found in both cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood and their utility to identify autistic subgroups with specific immunophenotypes; underlying behavioral symptoms are also shown. This review summarizes current insights into immune dysfunction in ASD, with particular reference to the impact of immunological factors related to the maternal influence of autism development; comorbidities influencing autism disease course and severity; and others factors with particular relevance, including obesity. Finally, we described main elements of similarities between immunopathology overlapping neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders, taking as examples autism and Parkinson Disease, respectively.

【 授权许可】

Unknown