Campylobacter Colonization, Environmental Enteric Dysfunction, Stunting, and Associated Risk Factors Among Young Children in Rural Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study From the Campylobacter Genomics and Environmental Enteric Dysfunction (CAGED) Project

Frontiers in Public Health

Nicholas Diaz¹  Kedir Teji Roba²  Nega Assefa²  Yitagele Terefe³  Kevin Bardosh⁴  Sarah L. McKune⁵  Dehao Chen⁶  Mark J. Manary⁷  Jemal Yousuf Hassen⁸  Mostafa Ghanem⁹  Loïc Deblais⁹  Gireesh Rajashekara⁹  Wondwossen Gebreyes⁹  Nitya Singh^1,10  Arie H. Havelaar^1,11  Yang Yang^1,12  Getnet Yimer^1,13  Abdulmuen Mohammed^1,14  Mengistu Ketema^1,15  Negassi Ameha^1,16 

[1] Center for African Studies, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States;College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia;College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia;Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States;Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States;Center for African Studies, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States;Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States;Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States;Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States;Department of Rural Development and Agricultural Extension, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia;Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States;Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States;Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States;Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States;Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States;Institute for Sustainable Food Systems, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States;Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States;Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Professions & College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States;Global One Health initiative, Office of International Affairs, The Ohio State University, Eastern Africa Regional Office, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;Office of Research Affairs, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia;School of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia;School of Animal and Range Science, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia;

关键词: Campylobacter;    environmental enteric dysfunction;    undernutrition;    cross-sectional study;    Ethiopia;    smallholder farming;   

DOI  :  10.3389/fpubh.2020.615793

来源: Frontiers

【 摘 要 】

Livestock farming provides a possible mechanism by which smallholder farmers can meet their household need for animal source foods (ASF), which may reduce the risk of stunting. However, direct/indirect contacts with domestic animals may increase colonization by Campylobacter spp., which has been associated with Environmental Enteric Dysfunction (EED) and stunting. A cross-sectional study involving 102 randomly selected children between 12 and 16 months of age was conducted in rural eastern Ethiopia to establish prevalence rates of Campylobacter colonization, EED, and stunting, and evaluate potential risk factors. Data were collected between September and December 2018. The prevalence of EED and stunting was 50% (95% CI: 40–60%) and 41% (95% CI: 32–51%), respectively. Among enrolled children, 56% had consumed some ASF in the previous 24 h; 47% had diarrhea and 50% had fever in the past 15 days. 54, 63, 71 or 43% of households owned at least one chicken, cow/bull, goat, or sheep; 54 (53%) households kept chickens indoors overnight and only half of these confined the animals. Sanitation was poor, with high levels of unimproved latrines and open defecation. Most households had access to an improved source of drinking water. The prevalence of Campylobacter colonization was 50% (95% CI: 41–60%) by PCR. In addition to the thermotolerant species Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter upsaliensis, non-thermotolerant species related to Campylobacter hyointestinalis and Campylobacter fetus were frequently detected by Meta-total RNA sequencing (MeTRS). Current breastfeeding and ASF consumption increased the odds of Campylobacter detection by PCR, while improved drinking water supply decreased the odds of EED. No risk factors were significantly associated with stunting. Further studies are necessary to better understand reservoirs and transmission pathways of Campylobacter spp. and their potential impact on child health.

【 授权许可】

CC BY