Immunomodulatory Effects of Domoic Acid Differ Between In vivo and In vitro Exposure in Mice

Marine Drugs

Milton Levin²  Heather Leibrecht²  James Ryan¹  Frances Van Dolah¹ 

[1] Marine Biotoxins Program, NOAA/National Ocean Service, Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, 219 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA;Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA

关键词: Domoic acid;    immunotoxicity;    innate immunity;    adaptive immunity;   

DOI  :  10.3390/md6040636

来源: mdpi

【 摘 要 】

The immunotoxic potential of domoic acid (DA), a well-characterized neurotoxin, has not been fully investigated. Phagocytosis and lymphocyte proliferation were evaluated following in vitro and in vivo exposure to assay direct vs indirect effects. Mice were injected intraperitoneally with a single dose of DA (2.5 μg/g b.w.) and sampled after 12, 24, or 48 hr. In a separate experiment, leukocytes and splenocytes were exposed in vitro to 0, 1, 10, or 100 μM DA. In vivo exposure resulted in a significant increase in monocyte phagocytosis (12-hr), a significant decrease in neutrophil phagocytosis (24-hr), a significant decrease in monocyte phagocytosis (48-hr), and a significant reduction in T-cell mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation (24-hr). In vitro exposure significantly reduced neutrophil and monocyte phagocytosis at 1 μM. B- and T-cell mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation were both significantly increased at 1 and 10 μM, and significantly decreased at 100 μM. Differences between in vitro and in vivo results suggest that DA may exert its immunotoxic effects both directly and indirectly. Modulation of cytosolic calcium suggests that DA exerts its effects through ionotropic glutamate subtype surface receptors at least on monocytes. This study is the first to identify DA as an immunotoxic chemical in a mammalian species.

【 授权许可】

CC BY   
© 2008 by the authors; licensee Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Basel, Switzerland.