General Resilience to Cope with Extreme Events

Sustainability

Stephen R. Carpenter⁴  Kenneth J. Arrow¹⁵  Scott Barrett²  Reinette Biggs⁶  William A. Brock⁷  Anne-Sophie Crépin⁶  Gustav Engström⁶  Carl Folke⁶  Terry P. Hughes⁹  Nils Kautsky¹³  Chuan-Zhong Li³  Geoffrey McCarney²  Kyle Meng²  Karl-Göran Mäler⁸  Stephen Polasky^4,10  Marten Scheffer^1,4  Jason Shogren^4,14  Thomas Sterner^4,12  Jeffrey R. Vincent^4,5  Brian Walker⁶  Anastasios Xepapadeas^4,11 

[1] Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 8080, 6700 DD, Wageningen, The Netherlands;School of International and Public Affairs/The Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA;Department of Economics, Uppsala University, Box 513, 751-20 Uppsala, Sweden;;Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USANicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Box 90328, Durham, NC 27708, USA;Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden;Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA;The Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Box 50005, 10405 Stockholm, Sweden;ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia;Department of Applied Economics, University of Minnesota, 1994 Buford Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA;Athens University of Economics and Business, 76 Patission Street, 104 34 Athens, Greece;Department of Economics, Göteborg University, Box 640, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden;Department of Systems Ecology, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden;Department of Economics and Finance, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA;Department of Economics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;

关键词: extreme events;    general resilience;    polycentric governance;    resilience;    social-ecological system;   

DOI  :  10.3390/su4123248

来源: mdpi

【 摘 要 】

Resilience to specified kinds of disasters is an active area of research and practice. However, rare or unprecedented disturbances that are unusually intense or extensive require a more broad-spectrum type of resilience. General resilience is the capacity of social-ecological systems to adapt or transform in response to unfamiliar, unexpected and extreme shocks. Conditions that enable general resilience include diversity, modularity, openness, reserves, feedbacks, nestedness, monitoring, leadership, and trust. Processes for building general resilience are an emerging and crucially important area of research.

【 授权许可】

CC BY   
© 2012 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.