Socioeconomic Status is Significantly Associated with Dietary Salt Intakes and Blood Pressure in Japanese Workers (J-HOPE Study)

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

Koichi Miyaki⁷  Yixuan Song⁷  Setsuko Taneichi⁷  Akizumi Tsutsumi⁶  Hideki Hashimoto⁵  Norito Kawakami⁴  Masaya Takahashi²  Akihito Shimazu⁴  Akiomi Inoue³  Sumiko Kurioka¹ 

[1] Department of Health Policy and Management, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1, Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi-ku, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan; E-Mail:;National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Nagao 6-21-1, Tama-Ku, Kawasaki 214-8585, Japan; E-Mail:;Department of Mental Health, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1, Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi-ku, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan; E-Mail:;Department of Mental Health, Tokyo University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; E-Mails:;Department of Health Economics and Epidemiology Research, School of Public Health, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; E-Mail:;Department of Public Health, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan; E-Mail:;Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Research and Informatics, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama 1-21-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan; E-Mails:

关键词: socioeconomic status;    salt intake;    blood pressure;    hypertension;   

DOI  :  10.3390/ijerph10030980

来源: mdpi

【 摘 要 】

The association of socioeconomic status (SES) with nutrients intakes attracts public attention worldwide. In the current study, we examined the associations of SES with dietary salt intake and health outcomes in general Japanese workers (2,266) who participated in this Japanese occupational cohort. SES was assessed by a self-administered questionnaire. Dietary intakes were assessed with a validated, brief, self-administered diet history questionnaire (BDHQ). Multiple linear regression and stratified analysis were used to evaluate the associations of salt intake with the confounding factors. Education levels and household incomes were significantly associated with salt intake, as well as blood pressures (P < 0.05). After adjusting for age, sex and total energy intake, both years of education and household income significantly affect the salt intake (for education, β = −0.031, P = 0.040; for household income, β = −0.046, P = 0.003). SES factors also affect the risk of hypertension, those subjects with higher levels of education or income had lower risk to become hypertensive (ORs for education was 0.904, P < 0.001; ORs for income was 0.956, P = 0.032). Our results show that SES is an independent determinant of salt intake and blood pressure, in order to lower the risk of hypertension, the efforts to narrow the social status gaps should be considered by the health policy-makers.

【 授权许可】

CC BY   
© 2013 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.