New Invertebrate Vectors for PST, Spirolides and Okadaic Acid in the North Atlantic

Marine Drugs

Marisa Silva²  Aldo Barreiro²  Paula Rodriguez³  Paz Otero³  Joana Azevedo¹  Amparo Alfonso³  Luis M. Botana³ 

[1] Center of Marine and Environmental Research—CIMAR/CIIMAR, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, Porto 4050-123, Portugal; E-Mail:;Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto 4619-007, Portugal; E-Mails:;Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago of Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain; E-Mails:

关键词: new vectors;    PST;    okadaic acid;    spirolides;    North Atlantic;   

DOI  :  10.3390/md11061936

来源: mdpi

【 摘 要 】

The prevalence of poisoning events due to harmful algal blooms (HABs) has declined during the last two decades through monitoring programs and legislation, implemented mainly for bivalves. However, new toxin vectors and emergent toxins pose a challenge to public health. Several locations on the Portuguese coast were surveyed between 2009 and 2010 for three distinct biotoxin groups [saxitoxin (PST), spirolide (SPX) and okadaic acid (OA)], in 14 benthic species of mollusks and echinoderms. Our main goals were to detect new vectors and unravel the seasonal and geographical patterns of these toxins. PSTs were analyzed by the Lawrence method, SPXs by LC-MS/MS, and OA by LC-MS/MS and UPLC-MS/MS. We report 16 new vectors for these toxins in the North Atlantic. There were differences in toxin contents among species, but no significant geographical or seasonal patterns were found. Our results suggest that legislation should be adjusted to extend the monitoring of marine toxins to a wider range of species besides edible bivalves.

【 授权许可】

CC BY   
© 2013 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.