Physiopathological, Epidemiological, Clinical and Therapeutic Aspects of Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia

Journal of Clinical Medicine

Caterina Urso²  Salvatore Brucculeri²  Gregorio Caimi¹ 

[1] Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Centre, 90127 Palermo, Italy;

关键词: hyponatremia;    exercise;    SIADH;    hypertonic saline;   

DOI  :  10.3390/jcm3041258

来源: mdpi

【 摘 要 】

Exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH) is dilutional hyponatremia, a variant of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH), characterized by a plasma concentration of sodium lower than 135 mEq/L. The prevalence of EAH is common in endurance (<6 hours) and ultra-endurance events (>6 hours in duration), in which both athletes and medical providers need to be aware of risk factors, symptom presentation, and management. The development of EAH is a combination of excessive water intake, inadequate suppression of the secretion of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (due to non osmotic stimuli), long race duration, and very high or very low ambient temperatures. Additional risk factors include female gender, slower race times, and use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Signs and symptoms of EAH include nausea, vomiting, confusion, headache and seizures; it may result in severe clinical conditions associated with pulmonary and cerebral edema, respiratory failure and death. A rapid diagnosis and appropriate treatment with a hypertonic saline solution is essential in the severe form to ensure a positive outcome.

【 授权许可】

CC BY   
© 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.