Enforcement Issues in the Governance of Ships’ Carbon Emissions

Laws

Michael Bloor¹  Susan Baker¹  Helen Sampson¹ 

[1] ¹Seafarers International Research Centre, Cardiff University, 52 Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales, UK ²Cardiff School of Social Sciences & Sustainable Places Research Institute, Cardiff University, Glamorgan Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3WT, Wales, UK ³U&We, Stora Nygatan 45, Stockholm 111 27, Sweden

关键词: carbon emissions;    shipping;    polycentric governance;    market measures;    emission trading;    fuel levy;    enforcement;    port state control;   

DOI  :  10.3390/laws4030335

来源: mdpi

【 摘 要 】

The shipping industry, although relatively carbon-efficient, is projected to produce rising carbon emissions in the future as a consequence of increasing world trade. A number of candidate regulations designed to mitigate these emissions have been canvassed by the UN’s International Maritime Organisation and by the European Commission. Many of these schemes are focussed on the use of market measures—emission trading schemes or fuel levies. This paper draws on observational and interview data gathered to examine enforcement issues associated with the control of ships’ sulphur emissions in order to consider the possible enforcement problems that might be associated with projected market measures to control ships’ carbon emissions. Enforcement problems are shown to be associated with the globalised character of the industry and its polycentric governance structure.

【 授权许可】

CC BY   
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.