The climate of the US Southwest

Climate Research

Malcolm K. Hughes¹  Andrew C. Comrie¹  Gregory D. Packin¹  Paul R. Sheppard¹  Kurt Angersbach¹ 

关键词: Southwest;    Climate;    El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO);    Monsoon;    Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI);    Summer temperature;    Dendrochronology;    Tree rings;   

DOI  :  10.3354/cr021219

来源: Inter-Research Science Publishing

【 摘 要 】

ABSTRACT: This paper summarizes the current state of knowledge of the climate of southwest USA (the ŒSouthwest¹). Low annual precipitation, clear skies, and year-round warm climate over much of the Southwest are due in large part to a quasi-permanentsubtropical high-pressure ridge over the region. However, the Southwest is located between the mid-latitude and subtropical atmospheric circulation regimes, and this positioning relative to shifts in these regimes is the fundamental reason for theregion¹s climatic variability. Furthermore, the Southwest¹s complex topography and its geographical proximity to the Pacific Ocean, the Gulf of California, and the Gulf of Mexico also contribute to this region¹s high climatic variability. El Niño, whichis an increase in sea-surface temperature of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean with an associated shift of the active center of atmospheric convection from the western to the central equatorial Pacific, has a well-developed teleconnection with theSouthwest, usually resulting in wet winters. La Niña, the opposite oceanic case of El Niño usually results in dry winters for the Southwest. Another important oceanic influence on winter climate of the Southwest is a feature called the Pacific DecadalOscillation (PDO), which has been defined as temporal variation in sea-surface temperatures for most of the Northern Pacific Ocean. The effects of ENSO and PDO can amplify each other, resulting in increased annual variability in precipitation over theSouthwest. The major feature that sets the climate of the Southwest apart from the rest of the United States is the North American monsoon, which in the US is most noticeable in Arizona and New Mexico. Up to 50% of the annual rainfall of Arizona and NewMexico occurs as monsoonal storms from July through September. Instrumental measurement of temperature and precipitation in the Southwest dates back to the middle to late 1800s. From that record, average annual rainfall of Arizona is 322 mm (12.7¹¹),while that of New Mexico is 340 mm (13.4¹¹), and mean annual temperature of New Mexico is cooler (12°C [53°F]) than Arizona (17°C [62°F]). As instrumental meteorological records extend back only about 100 to 120 yr throughout the Southwest, they are oflimited utility for studying climate phenomena of long time frames. Hence, there is a need to extend the measured meteorological record further back in time using so-called Œnatural archive¹ paleoclimate records. Tree-ring data, which provide annualresolution, range throughout the Southwest, extend back in time for up to 1000 yr or more in various forests of the Southwest, and integrate well the influences of both temperature and precipitation, are useful for this assessment of climate of theSouthwest. Tree growth of mid-elevation forests typically responds to moisture availability during the growing season, and a commonly used climate variable in paleo-precipitation studies is the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), which is a singlevariable derived from variation in precipitation and temperature. June-August PDSI strongly represents precipitation and, to a lesser extent, temperature of the year prior to the growing season (prior September through current August). The maximumintra-ring density of higher elevation trees can yield a useful record of summer temperature variation. The combined paleo-modern climate record has at least 3 occurrences of multi-decadal variation (50 to 80 yr) of alternating dry (below average PDSI) towet (above average PDSI). The amplitude of this variation has increased since the 1700s. The most obvious feature of the temperature record is its current increase to an extent unprecedented in the last 400 yr. Because this warming trend is outside thevariation of the natural archives, it is possible that anthropogenic impacts, such as increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse trace gases, are playing a role in climate of the Southwest. Accordingly, this pattern merits further research insearch of its cause or combination of causes.

【 授权许可】

Unknown