A gallery of the key characters to ease identification of Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari: Gamasida: Dermanyssidae) and allow differentiation from Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Acari: Gamasida: Macronyssidae)

Particle and Fibre Toxicology

Giacinto S Germinara³  Maria Assunta Cafiero²  Annunziata Giangaspero¹  Antonella Di Palma³ 

[1] Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni e dell'Innovazione nei Sistemi Agro-alimentari Mediterranei (PRIME), University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71100, Foggia, Italy;Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Via Manfredonia 20, 71100, Foggia, Italy;Dipartimento di Scienze Agroambientali Chimica e Difesa Vegetale (DiSACD), University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71100, Foggia, Italy

关键词: Identification;    External morphology;    Light microscopy;    Scanning electron microscopy;    Northern fowl mite;    Poultry red mite;   

Others  :  1231793
DOI  :  10.1186/1756-3305-5-104

 received in 2012-01-04, accepted in 2012-04-06,  发布年份 2012

【 摘 要 】

Background

Dermanyssus gallinae (poultry red mite) is a major threat for the poultry industry and is of significant interest for public health. Identification of D. gallinae can be difficult for scientists not familiar with mite morphology and terminology especially when trying to use identification keys. Moreover, this species may easily be confused with another dermanyssoid mite, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (northern fowl mite), which often shares the same hosts and environment.

Methods

Specimens of D. gallinae were collected at poultry farms in the Puglia and performed for light and scanning electron microscopy observations, identification and micrographs. Moreover specimens of O. sylviarum were collected separately macerated and mounted on slides for light microscopy observations, identification and pictures.

Results

The micrographs used in this study, based on LM and SEM observations, highlight the following important identifying characters of D. gallinae: the prominent shoulders of the dorsal shield and the jagged edges of the shield reticulations, the position of setae j1, s1 and the epigynal pores, and the presence on tibia IV pl of one seta. Additional micrographs highlighting the shape of the dorsal (abruptly narrowed posteriorly) and epigynal (narrowly rounded posteriorly) shields and the chelicera (elongate, with distinct digits) of O. sylviarum enable its differentiation from D.gallinae.

Conclusion

The photographic support provided here (both LM and SEM pictures) can be considered a practical tool for scientists who are not well acquainted with the morphology of D.gallinae, and who are involved with classical and molecular systematics, veterinary and human health aspects of poultry red mites.

【 授权许可】

   
2012 Di Palma et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

Figure 5.

Figure 6.

Figure 7.

Figure 8.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Rosen S, Yeruham I, Braverman Y: Dermatitis in humans associated with the mites Pyemotes tritici, Dermanyssus gallinae, Ornithonyssus bacoti and Androlaelaps casalis in Israel. Med Vet Entomol 2002, 16:442-444.
• [2]Haag-Wackernagel D: Parasites from feral pigeons as a health hazard for humans. Ann Appl Biol 2005, 147:203-210.
• [3]DeClercq J, Nachtegaele L: Dermanyssus gallinae in a dog. Canine Pract 1993, 18:34-36.
• [4]Lucky AW, Sayers CP: Avian Mite Bites Acquired From a New Source—Pet Gerbils. Arch Dermatol 2001, 137:167-170.
• [5]Abd El-Halim AS, Allam KA, Metwally AM, El Boraey AM: Seasonal variation of infestation rate with lice, tick and mite among rodents in certain Egyptian regions. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 2009, 39:617-624.
• [6]Mignon B, Losson B: Dermatitis in a horse associated with the poultry mite (Dermanyssus gallinae). Vet Parasitol 2008, 18:38-43.
• [7]Axtell RC, Arends JJ: Ecology and management of arthropods pests of poultry. Annu Rev Entomol 1990, 35:101-126.
• [8]Maurer V, Baumgärtner J, Bieri M, Fölsch DW: The occurrence of the chicken mite Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari: Dermanyssidae) in Swiss poultry houses. Mitt Schweiz Entomol Ges 1993, 66:87-97.
• [9]Axtell RC: Poultry integrated pest management: status and future. Integrated Pest Manag Rev 1999, 4:53-73.
• [10]Mul MF, Koenraadt CJM: Preventing introduction and spread of Dermanyssus gallinae in poultry facilities using the HACCP method. Exp Appl Acarol 2009, 48:167-181.
• [11]van Emous RA, Fiks-van Niekerk TGCM, Mul MF: Red mites in theory and practice. Praktijkrapport Pluimvee 17. The Netherland, Animal Science Groupe, Lelystad; 2006.
• [12]Sparagano O, Pavlicevic A, Murano T, Camarda A, Sahibi H, Kilpinen O, Mul M, van Emous R, le Bouquin S, Hoel K, Cafiero MA: Prevalence and key figures for the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae infections in poultry farm systems. Exp Appl Acarol 2009, 48:3-10.
• [13]Kirkwood A: Anemia in poultry infested with red mite Dermanyssus gallinae. Vet Rec 1967, 80:514-516.
• [14]Kilpinen O, Roepstorff A, Permin A, Nørgaard-Nielsen G: Lawson LG, Simonsen HB: Influence of Dermanyssus gallinae and Ascaridia galli infections on behaviour and health of lying hens (Gallus gallus domesticus). Br Poult Sci 2005, 45(1):26-34.
• [15]Valiente-Moro C, Chauve C, Zenner L: Vectorial role of some Dermanyssoid mites (Acari, Mesostigmata, Dermanyssoidea). Parasite 2005, 12:99-109.
• [16]Fossum O, Jansson DS, Etterlin PE, Vågsholm I: Causes of mortality in laying hens in different housing systems in 2001 to 2004. Acta Vet Scand 2009, 15:51-53.
• [17]Cafiero MA, Galante D, Camarda A, Giangaspero A, Sparagano O: Why dermanyssosis should be listed as an occupational hazard. Occup Environ Med 2011, 68:628.
• [18]Auger A, Nantel J, Meunier N, Harrison JR: Skin acariasis caused by Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer): an in-hospital outbreak. Can Med Assoc J 1979, 17:700-703.
• [19]Rossiter A: Occupational otitis externa in chicken catchers. J Laryngol Otol 1997, 111:366-376.
• [20]Bellanger AP, Bories C, Foulet F, Bretagne S, Botterel F: Nosocomial dermatitis caused by D. gallinae. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008, 29:282-283.
• [21]Cafiero MA, Camarda A, Circella E, Santagada G, Schino G, Lomuto M: Pseudoscabies caused by Dermanyssus gallinae in Italian city-dwellers: a new setting for an old dermatitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2008, 22:1382-1383.
• [22]Akdemir C, Gülcan E, Tanritanir P: Case report: D. gallinae in a patient with pruritus and skin lesions. Turkiye Parazitol Derg 2009, 33:242-244.
• [23]Fuentes MV, Saintz-Elipe S, Saez-Duran S, Galn-Puchades MT: Human ectoparasitism due to the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae, in the city of Valencia (Spain) and its surroundings. Rev Iberico-Latinoam Parasitol 2009, 68:188-191.
• [24]Moss WW: An illustrated key to the species of the acarine genus Dermanyssus (Mesostigmata: Laelapoidea: Dermanyssidae). J Med Entomol 1968, 5(1):67-84.
• [25]Moss WW: The mite genus Dermanyssus: a survey, with description of Dermanyssus trochilinis, n.sp., and a revised key to the species (Acari: Mesostigmata: Dermanyssidae). J Med Entomol 1978, 14(6):627-640.
• [26]Krantz GW: A Manual of Acarology. 2nd edition. Oregon State University Book Stores, Corvallis, Ohio, USA; 1978.
• [27]AA.VV: A Manual of Acarology. 3rd edition. Edited by Krantz GW, Walter DE. Texas Tech University Press, Lubbock; 2009.
• [28]Evans GO: Principles of Acarology. C.A.B, International, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK; 1992.
• [29]Alberti G, Coons LB: Acari – Mites. Chelicerate Arthropoda. John Wiley & Sons, New York, USA; 1999.
• [30]Di Palma A, Alberti G: Functional morphology of accessory structures involved in reproduction among gamasid mites (Acari, Anactinotrichida): a review. Atti dell’Accademia Nazionale Italiana di Entomologia R. A. 2005, LIII:361-378.
• [31]Evans GO, Till WM: Studies on the British Dermanyssidae (Acari: Mesostigmata). Part II Classification. Bull Brit Mus (Nat Hist) Zool 1966, 14(5):109-370.
• [32]Mullens BA, Chen BL, Owen JP: Beak condition and cage density determine abundance and spatial distribution of northern fowl mites, Ornithonyssus sylviarum, and chicken body lice, Menacanthus stramineus, on caged laying hens. Poult Sci 2010, 89:2565-2572.
• [33]Gupta AK, Billings JK, Ellis CN: Chronic pruritus: an uncommon cause. Avian mite dermatitis caused by Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Northern fowl mite). Arch Dermatol 1988, 124:1102-1106.