Water and sodium intake habits and status of ultra-endurance runners during a multi-stage ultra-marathon conducted in a hot ambient environment: an observational field based study

Nutrition Journal

Charles D Thake⁴  Andrew Murray¹  Volker Scheer⁵  Encarna Valero-Burgos³  Slawomir Marczak⁴  Joanne Hankey⁴  Edel Barrett⁷  Emily C Freeth⁷  Jessica P Waterman⁴  Samantha Gill⁴  Vera Camões-Costa²  Benjamin Lee⁴  Lisa D Hardy⁴  Abigail JM Swancott⁴  Luis Rama⁶  Ana Teixeira⁶  Ricardo JS Costa⁴ 

[1] SportsScotland Institute of Sport, Airthrey Road, Stirling, FK9 5PH, United Kingdom;School of Psychology, Bangor University, Penralt Road, Bangor, LL57 2AS, United Kingdom;Emergency Department, Vinalopo Salud Hospital, Calle Tonico Sansano Mora 14, Elche, 03293, Spain;Sport & Exercise Science Applied Research Group, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry, CV1 5FB, United Kingdom;Sports Medicine Department, University of Heidelberg, Im Neunheimer Feld 710, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany;Faculty of Sport Science & Physical Education, Coimbra University, Pavilion 3, Santa Clara, 3040-156, Portugal;Department of Health Professions, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry, CV1 5FB, United Kingdom

关键词: Carbohydrate;    Hyponatraemia;    Euhydration;    Dehydration;    Total body water;    Beverages;    Drinking;    Water;   

Others  :  823661
DOI  :  10.1186/1475-2891-12-13

 received in 2012-09-08, accepted in 2013-01-11,  发布年份 2013

【 摘 要 】

Background

Anecdotal evidence suggests ultra-runners may not be consuming sufficient water through foods and fluids to maintenance euhydration, and present sub-optimal sodium intakes, throughout multi-stage ultra-marathon (MSUM) competitions in the heat. Subsequently, the aims were primarily to assess water and sodium intake habits of recreational ultra-runners during a five stage 225 km semi self-sufficient MSUM conducted in a hot ambient environment (T_max range: 32°C to 40°C); simultaneously to monitor serum sodium concentration, and hydration status using multiple hydration assessment techniques.

Methods

Total daily, pre-stage, during running, and post-stage water and sodium ingestion of ultra-endurance runners (UER, n = 74) and control (CON, n = 12) through foods and fluids were recorded on Stages 1 to 4 by trained dietetic researchers using dietary recall interview technique, and analysed through dietary analysis software. Body mass (BM), hydration status, and serum sodium concentration were determined pre- and post-Stages 1 to 5.

Results

Water (overall mean (SD): total daily 7.7 (1.5) L/day, during running 732 (183) ml/h) and sodium (total daily 3.9 (1.3) g/day, during running 270 (151) mg/L) ingestion did not differ between stages in UER (p < 0.001 vs. CON). Exercise-induced BM loss was 2.4 (1.2)% (p < 0.001). Pre- to post-stage BM gains were observed in 26% of UER along competition. Pre- and post-stage plasma osmolality remained within normal clinical reference range (280 to 303 mOsmol/kg) in the majority of UER (p > 0.05 vs. CON pre-stage). Asymptomatic hyponatraemia (<135 mmol/L) was evident pre- and post-stage in n = 8 UER, corresponding to 42% of sampled participants. Pre- and post-stage urine colour, urine osmolality and urine/plasma osmolality ratio increased (p < 0.001) as competition progressed in UER, with no change in CON. Plasma volume and extra-cellular water increased (p < 0.001) 22.8% and 9.2%, respectively, from pre-Stage 1 to 5 in UER, with no change in CON.

Conclusion

Water intake habits of ultra-runners during MSUM conducted in hot ambient conditions appear to be sufficient to maintain baseline euhydration levels. However, fluid over-consumption behaviours were evident along competition, irrespective of running speed and gender. Normonatraemia was observed in the majority of ultra-runners throughout MSUM, despite sodium ingestion under benchmark recommendations.

【 授权许可】

   
2013 Costa et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

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