Real-time PCR of the mammalian hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS) gene for analysis of flea (Ctenocephalides felis) feeding patterns on dogs

Particle and Fibre Toxicology

Bernhard Kaltenboeck²  Byron L Blagburn²  Euisun Jung²  Dongya Gao²  Jamie Butler²  Jane Mount²  Chengming Wang¹ 

[1] Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies;Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5519, USA

关键词: PCR;    feeding;    Ctenocephalides felis;    Dog;    Flea;   

Others  :  1233660
DOI  :  10.1186/1756-3305-5-4

 received in 2011-11-15, accepted in 2012-01-04,  发布年份 2012

【 摘 要 】

Background

Precise data on quantitative kinetics of blood feeding of fleas, particularly immediately after contact with the host, are essential for understanding dynamics of flea-borne disease transmission and for evaluating flea control strategies. Standard methods used are inadequate for studies that simulate early events after real-life flea access to the host.

Methods

Here, we developed a novel quantitative polymerase chain reaction targeting mammalian DNA within fleas to quantify blood consumption with high sensitivity and specificity. We used primers and fluorescent probes that amplify the hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS) gene, an evolutionary divergent gene that is unlikely to be detected in insects by mammalian-specific primers and probes. To validate this assay, fleas were placed on dogs, allowed to distribute in the hair, and removed at specific time points with single-use combs. Fleas were then immediately homogenized by vigorous shaking with ceramic beads in guanidinium-based DNA preservation buffer for DNA extraction.

Results

The specificity of this assay was ascertained by amplification of canine, feline and equine blood with differential product melting temperatures (T_m), and lack of amplification of bovine and porcine blood and of adult fleas reared from larvae fed with bovine blood. Sensitivity of the assay was established by limiting dilution and detection of single copies of HMBS DNA equivalent to 0.043 nL blood. Application of the assay indicated that after 15 minutes on a dog, male and female fleas had ingested low, but similar amounts of approximately 1.1. nL blood. Saturation uptake of 118 and 100 nL blood per flea was found at 30 and 60 min on the dog, respectively.

Conclusions

The HMBS PCR method developed here offers the advantages of both exquisite sensitivity and specificity that make it superior to other approaches for quantification of blood ingested by fleas. The capability to detect minute quantities of blood in single fleas, particularly immediately after colonization of the host, will provide a superior tool for studying flea-host interactions, flea-borne disease transmission, and flea control strategies.

【 授权许可】

   
2012 Wang et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

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