Lack of population genetic structure and host specificity in the bat fly, Cyclopodia horsfieldi, across species of Pteropus bats in Southeast Asia

Particle and Fibre Toxicology

Rob DeSalle⁷  Peter Daszak⁵  Susan L Perkins⁷  Katharina Dittmar³  Don J Melnick²  Juan Carlos Morales⁴  Nancy B Simmons¹  Carl W Dick⁶  Kevin J Olival² 

[1] Department of Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA;Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA;Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA;Global Footprint Network, Oakland, CA 94607, USA;EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001, USA;Department of Zoology, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60605, USA;Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA

关键词: Phylogeography;    Pathogens;    Nycteribiidae;    Nipah virus;    Gene flow;    Emerging infectious disease;    Ectoparasite;    Flying fox;    Diptera;    Connectivity;    Bartonella;   

Others  :  825019
DOI  :  10.1186/1756-3305-6-231

 received in 2013-06-17, accepted in 2013-08-06,  发布年份 2013

【 摘 要 】

Background

Population-level studies of parasites have the potential to elucidate patterns of host movement and cross-species interactions that are not evident from host genealogy alone. Bat flies are obligate and generally host-specific blood-feeding parasites of bats. Old-World flies in the family Nycteribiidae are entirely wingless and depend on their hosts for long-distance dispersal; their population genetics has been unstudied to date.

Methods

We collected a total of 125 bat flies from three Pteropus species (Pteropus vampyrus, P. hypomelanus, and P. lylei) from eight localities in Malaysia, Cambodia, and Vietnam. We identified specimens morphologically and then sequenced three mitochondrial DNA gene fragments (CoI, CoII, cytB; 1744 basepairs total) from a subset of 45 bat flies. We measured genetic diversity, molecular variance, and population genetic subdivision (F_ST), and used phylogenetic and haplotype network analyses to quantify parasite genetic structure across host species and localities.

Results

All flies were identified as Cyclopodia horsfieldi with the exception of two individuals of Eucampsipoda sundaica. Low levels of population genetic structure were detected between populations of Cyclopodia horsfieldi from across a wide geographic range (~1000 km), and tests for isolation by distance were rejected. AMOVA results support a lack of geographic and host-specific population structure, with molecular variance primarily partitioned within populations. Pairwise F_ST values from flies collected from island populations of Pteropus hypomelanus in East and West Peninsular Malaysia supported predictions based on previous studies of host genetic structure.

Conclusions

The lack of population genetic structure and morphological variation observed in Cyclopodia horsfieldi is most likely due to frequent contact between flying fox species and subsequent high levels of parasite gene flow. Specifically, we suggest that Pteropus vampyrus may facilitate movement of bat flies between the three Pteropus species in the region. We demonstrate the utility of parasite genetics as an additional layer of information to measure host movement and interspecific host contact. These approaches may have wide implications for understanding zoonotic, epizootic, and enzootic disease dynamics. Bat flies may play a role as vectors of disease in bats, and their competence as vectors of bacterial and/or viral pathogens is in need of further investigation.

【 授权许可】

   
2013 Olival et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

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