The glycemic, insulinemic and plasma amino acid responses to equi-carbohydrate milk meals, a pilot- study of bovine and human milk

Nutrition Journal

Inger Björck²  Elin Östman²  Jens J Holst¹  Ulrika Gunnerud² 

[1] Department of Medical Physiology, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark;Department of Applied Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00, Lund, Sweden

关键词: Whey protein;    Human milk;    GLP-1;    GIP;    Bovine milk;    Amino acids;   

Others  :  823906
DOI  :  10.1186/1475-2891-11-83

 received in 2012-04-16, accepted in 2012-10-10,  发布年份 2012

【 摘 要 】

Background

Dairy proteins, in particular the whey fraction, exert insulinogenic properties and facilitate glycemic regulation through a mechanism involving elevation of certain plasma amino acids, and stimulation of incretins. Human milk is rich in whey protein and has not been investigated in this respect.

Method

Nine healthy volunteers were served test meals consisting of human milk, bovine milk, reconstituted bovine whey- or casein protein in random order. All test meals contributed with 25g intrinsic or added lactose, and a white wheat bread (WWB) meal was used as reference, providing 25g starch. Post-prandial levels in plasma of glucose, insulin, incretins and amino acids were investigated at time intervals for up to 2 h.

Results

All test meals elicited lower postprandial blood glucose responses, expressed as iAUC 0–120 min compared with the WWB (P < 0.05). The insulin response was increased following all test meals, although only significantly higher after whey. Plasma amino acids were correlated to insulin and incretin secretion (iAUC 0–60 min) (P ≤ 0.05). The lowered glycemia with the test meals (iAUC 0–90 min) was inversely correlated to GLP-1 (iAUC 0–30 min) (P ≤ 0.05).

Conclusion

This study shows that the glycemic response was significantly lower following all milk/milk protein based test meals, in comparison with WWB. The effect appears to originate from the protein fraction and early phase plasma amino acids and incretins were involved in the insulin secretion. Despite its lower protein content, the human milk was a potent GLP-1 secretagogue and showed insulinogenic properties similar to that seen with reconstituted bovine whey-protein, possibly due to the comparatively high proportion of whey in human milk.

【 授权许可】

   
2012 Gunnerud et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Salmeron J, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Wing AL, Willett WC: Dietary fiber, glycemic load, and risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in women. JAMA 1997, 277:472-477.
• [2]Ostman EM, Elmstahl HGML, Bjorck IME: Inconsistency between glycemic and insulinemic responses to regular and fermented milk products. Am J Clin Nutr 2001, 74:96-100.
• [3]Warensjo E, Nolan D, Tapsell L: Dairy Food Consumption and Obesity-Related Chronic Disease. In Adv Food Nutr Res. Volume Volume 59. Edited by Steve LT. Academic Press; 2010:1-41.
• [4]Malik VS, Sun Q, van Dam RM, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Rosner B, Hu FB: Adolescent dairy product consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in middle-aged women. Am J Clin Nutr 2011, 94:854-861.
• [5]Frid AH, Nilsson M, Holst JJ, Bjorck IM: Effect of whey on blood glucose and insulin responses to composite breakfast and lunch meals in type 2 diabetic subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 2005, 82:69-75.
• [6]Nilsson M, Stenberg M, Frid AH, Holst JJ, Bjorck IM: Glycemia and insulinemia in healthy subjects after lactose-equivalent meals of milk and other food proteins: the role of plasma amino acids and incretins. Am J Clin Nutr 2004, 80:1246-1253.
• [7]Tessari P, Kiwanuka E, Cristini M, Zaramella M, Enslen M, Zurlo C, Garcia-Rodenas C: Slow versus fast proteins in the stimulation of beta-cell response and the activation of the entero-insular axis in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2007, 23:378-385.
• [8]Mortensen LS, Holmer-Jensen J, Hartvigsen ML, Jensen VK, Astrup A, de Vrese M, Holst JJ, Thomsen C, Hermansen K: Effects of different fractions of whey protein on postprandial lipid and hormone responses in type 2 diabetes. Eur J Clin Nutr 2012, 66:799-805.
• [9]Newsholme P, Bender K, Kiely A, Brennan L: Amino acid metabolism, insulin secretion and diabetes. Biochem Soc Trans 2007, 35:1180-1186.
• [10]van Loon LJC: Leucine as a pharmaconutrient in health and disease. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2012, 15:71-77.
• [11]Nilsson M, Holst JJ, Bjorck IME: Metabolic effects of amino acid mixtures and whey protein in healthy subjects: studies using glucose-equivalent drinks. Am J Clin Nutr 2007, 85:996-1004.
• [12]Diepvens K, Haberer D, Westerterp-Plantenga M: Different proteins and biopeptides differently affect satiety and anorexigenic//orexigenic hormones in healthy humans. Int J Obes 2007, 32:510-518.
• [13]Asmar M, Holst JJ: Glucagon-like peptide 1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide: new advances. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2010, 17:57-62.
• [14]Chen Q, Reimer RA: Dairy protein and leucine alter GLP-1 release and mRNA of genes involved in intestinal lipid metabolism in vitro. Nutrition 2009, 25:340-349.
• [15]Heine WE, Klein PD, Reeds PJ: The importance of alpha-lactalbumin in infant nutrition. J Nutr 1991, 121:277-283.
• [16]Rudloff S, Kunz C: Protein and nonprotein nitrogen components in human milk, bovine milk, and infant formula: quantitative and qualitative aspects in infant nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1997, 24:328-344.
• [17]Lonnerdal B: Nutritional and physiologic significance of human milk proteins. Am J Clin Nutr 2003, 77:1537S-1543S.
• [18]Liljeberg H, Bjorck I: Bioavailability of starch in bread products. Postprandial glucose and insulin responses in healthy subjects and in vitro resistant starch content. Eur J Clin Nutr 1994, 48:151-163.
• [19]Stenberg M, Marko-Varga G, Oste R: Racemization of amino acids during classical and microwave oven hydrolysis - application to aspartame and a Maillard reaction system. Food Chem 2001, 74:217-224.
• [20]Stenberg M, Marko-Varga G, Oste R: Enantioseparation of d- and l-amino acids by a coupled system consisting of an ion-exchange column and a chiral column and determination of d-aspartic acid and d-glutamic acid in soy products. Food Chem 2002, 79:507-512.
• [21]Holm J, Bjorck I, Drews A, Asp NG: A Rapid Method for the Analysis of Starch. Starch-Starke 1986, 38:224-226.
• [22]Krarup T, Madsbad S, Moody AJ, Regeur L, Faber OK, Holst JJ, Sestoft L: Diminished immunoreactive gastric inhibitory polypeptide response to a meal in newly diagnosed type I (insulin-dependent) diabetics. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1983, 56:1306-1312.
• [23]Orskov C, Rabenhoj L, Wettergren A, Kofod H, Holst JJ: Tissue and plasma concentrations of amidated and glycine-extended glucagon-like peptide I in humans. Diabetes 1994, 43:535-539.
• [24]Salehi AS, Gunnerud UJ, MS J, Östman EM, Holst JJ, Björck IME, Rorsman P: The insulinogenic effect of whey protein is partiallt mediated by a direct effect of amino acids and GIP on beta-cells. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2012. in press
• [25]van Loon LJ, Saris WH, Verhagen H, Wagenmakers AJ: Plasma insulin responses after ingestion of different amino acid or protein mixtures with carbohydrate. Am J Clin Nutr 2000, 72:96-105.
• [26]Sener A, Malaisse WJ: The stimulus-secretion coupling of amino acid-induced insulin release: insulinotropic action of branched-chain amino acids at physiological concentrations of glucose and glutamine. Eur J Clin Invest 1981, 11:455-460.
• [27]Agostoni C, Carratu B, Boniglia C, Riva E, Sanzini E: Free amino acid content in standard infant formulas: comparison with human milk. J Am Coll Nutr 2000, 19:434-438.
• [28]Sarwar G, Botting HG, Davis TA, Darling P, Pencharz PB: Free amino acids in milks of human subjects, other primates and non-primates. Br J Nutr 1998, 79:129-131.
• [29]L'Amoreaux WJ, Cuttitta C, Santora A, Blaize JF, Tachjadi J, El Idrissi A: Taurine regulates insulin release from pancreatic beta cell lines. J Biomed Sci 2010, 17 Suppl 1:S11.
• [30]Carneiro EM, Latorraca MQ, Araujo E, Beltra M, Oliveras MJ, Navarro M, Berna G, Bedoya FJ, Velloso LA, Soria B, Martin F: Taurine supplementation modulates glucose homeostasis and islet function. J Nutr Biochem 2009, 20:503-511.
• [31]Gunnerud UJ, Heinzle C, Holst JJ, Östman EM, Björck IME: Effects of pre-meal drinks with protein and amino acids on glycemic and metabolic responses at a subsequent composite meal. PLoS OneIn press
• [32]Berseth CL, Michener SR, Nordyke CK, Go VL: Postpartum changes in pattern of gastrointestinal regulatory peptides in human milk. Am J Clin Nutr 1990, 51:985-990.
• [33]Hall WL, Millward DJ, Long SJ, Morgan LM: Casein and whey exert different effects on plasma amino acid profiles, gastrointestinal hormone secretion and appetite. Br J Nutr 2003, 89:239-248.
• [34]Baggio LL, Drucker DJ: Biology of incretins: GLP-1 and GIP. Gastroenterology 2007, 132:2131-2157.
• [35]Gunnarsson PT, Winzell MS, Deacon CF, Larsen MO, Jelic K, Carr RD, Ahren B: Glucose-induced incretin hormone release and inactivation are differently modulated by oral fat and protein in mice. Endocrinology 2006, 147:3173-3180.
• [36]Brouns F, Bjorck I, Frayn KN, Gibbs AL, Lang V, Slama G, Wolever TM: Glycaemic index methodology. Nutr Res Rev 2005, 18:145-171.